¹ On the conduct of economic policy during the Sukarno era, see Paauw, Douglas S., ‘From Colonial to Guided Economy’, in McVey, Ruth T. (ed.), Indonesia (New Haven, 1962),Google Scholar and Glassburner, Bruce (ed.), The Economy of Indonesia: Selected Readings (Ithaca, 1971).Google Scholar

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⁴ ABRI's dual role originated in General Nasution's conception of the ‘middle way’ (1958) and was subsequently included in the army's doctrine of territorial warfare and accorded legitimacy by President Sukarno (1962). On the evolution of ABRI's political role see Ulf Sundhausen, ‘The Soldier and the Nation: Self Perception of the Indonesian Army and its Role in Politics’, Europa-Archiv (03 1971), pp. 205–16.Google Scholar

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⁷ Significantly, however, none of the 1971 ministers was drawn from the ranks of the Golkar ‘functional group’ that constituted the largest bloc in the newly elected parliament. This was probably to avert creating an autonomous parliamentary political leadership that might eventually rival the existing military-based triarchy.

⁸ On the ASPRI and its political and economic roles, see Crouch, Harold, ‘Military Politics Under Indonesia's New Order’, Pacific Affairs (Summer 1972), esp. p. 213;CrossRefGoogle Scholar J. A. C. Mackie, ‘The Report of the Commission of Four on Corruption’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies (B.I.E.S.), (November 1970) p. 99. The four ASPRI were General Ali Murtopo (political affairs), General Sudjono Humardhani (economic affairs), General R. Surjo (financial affairs), and General Tjokropronolo (security).

⁹ Mackie, ‘The Report of the Commission of Four on Corruption’, p. 99.

¹⁰ For an account of the economists' role in Indonesian political life, see Panglaykim, Jusuf and Thomas, Kenneth D., Indonesia's New Era—Development Administration (Melbourne, 1967), p. 27.Google Scholar See also the comment of an anonymous nongovernmental Indonesian economist in ‘Survey of Recent Developments’, B.I.E.S. (November 1971), pp. 1–2.

¹¹ Asia Research Bulletin (December 1973). In March 1973 a ‘technocrat’, Radius Praiviro, was made Minister of Trade and Dr Sumitro was removed to become Minister of State for Research Activities.

¹² For a brief note on Bappenas' role in development policy, see G. A. Posthumus, ‘The Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia’, B.I.E.S. (July 1972, p. 65.

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¹⁵ Samson, A., ‘Indonesia, 1972: The Solidification of Military Control’, Asian Survey (02 1973), p. 127. Another observer, R. W. Liddle, has noted that public participation has been as minimal in the political model of the New Order as during the colonial period (‘Evolution from Above’, p. 288).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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²⁶ Renewal of Policy, art. 9; Repelita-I, Vol. 1, p. 25.Google Scholar

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³¹ Higgins, ‘Survey of Recent Developments’, p. 23, has asserted that Indonesia's capital stock per capita (including land under cultivation) was less in 1972 than forty years ago.

³² On the theory of unbalanced growth and its emphasis on leading sector linkages and de-emphasis on investment in infrastructure, see Hirschmann, A. O., The Strategy of Economic Development (New Haven, 1960).Google Scholar

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³⁵ Renewal of Policy, art. 8.

³⁶ See Fisher, ‘Economic Myth and Geographical Reality in Indonesia’, on this point.

³⁷ Repelita-I, Vol. 1, p. 13.Google Scholar

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³⁹ Ibid., p. 6.

⁴⁰ The output target was calculated on the basis of assumed per capita nutritional needs, with producers' incomes and returns only a secondary consideration. Afiff, Saleh and Timmer, C. Peter, ‘Rice Policy in Indonesia’, Food Research Institute Studies in Agricultural Economics, Trade and Development (1971), p. 136.Google Scholar

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⁴² Pola Basar, p. 21; and its conceptual roots in Penny, D. H., ‘The Economics of Peasant Agriculture: The Indonesian Case’, B.I.E.S. (10 1966), pp. 26–33;Google ScholarPauker, G., ‘Political Consequences of Rural Development Programs in Indonesia’, Pacific Affairs (Fall 1968), pp. 399–402.Google Scholar

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⁴⁵ Penny, ‘The Economics of Peasant Agriculture’, p. 85; Collier, et al. , ‘Recent Changes in Rice Harvesting Methods’, B.I.E.S. (07 1973), pp. 38, 45;Google ScholarUtami, Widya and Ihalauw, John, ‘Some Consequences of Small Farm Size’, B.I.E.S. (07 1973), pp. 51–5.Google Scholar

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⁴⁷ Affif and Timmer, Rice Policy, p. 145, point to the use of the proceeds of local sales of aid rice, which competed with and hurt local agriculture, to finance urban, industrial and infrastructural development, and the use of the foreign exchange saved to import capital goods for these favoured sectors.

⁴⁸ Sadli, Mohammad (Chairman, Board of Investments), ‘Indonesia Foreign Investment Climate and Opportunities’, Asia Research Bulletin (06 1971).Google Scholar

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⁵² See Mackie, J. A. C., ‘Indonesia in the 1980s’, Australian Outlook (12 1971), p. 340.Google Scholar

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⁵⁴ Mangkusuwondo, ‘Dilemmas in Indonesian Economic Development’, pp. 28, 33.

⁵⁵ Daroesman, R., ‘Finance of Education’, B.I.E.S. (11 1971), p. 77.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Grenville, S., ‘Survey of Recent Developments’, B.I.E.S. (03 1973), p. 13.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Mackie, ‘The Report of the Commission of Four on Corruption’; Soedarso, B., Korupsi di Indonesia (Corruption in Indonesia), (Djakarta, 1969);Google ScholarAlatas, Syed Hussain, The Sociology of Corruption (Singapore, 1968).Google Scholar

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⁶⁰ See Anderson, Benedict R. O'G., Java in a Time of Revolution (Ithaca, 1972).Google Scholar See also Douglas, Stephen A., Political Socialization and Student Activism in Indonesia (Urbana, Ill., 1970).Google Scholar

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⁶² cf. President Sukarto's Independence Day address, 1972, where the notion that economic development requires a ‘more equitable distribution of income’ was related primarily to the needs of internal security and political stability, Indonesian Quarterly (10 1972), p. 82.Google Scholar