¹ See Russell, P. E., ‘Prince Henry the Navigator’, Diamante, XI, 4 05 1960, pp. 1–30Google Scholar. Portuguese sailors actually entered ‘unknown’ waters when a vessel under Gil Eannes succeeded in rounding Cape Bojador, just S. of lat. 27 degrees N. in what is now the Saharan territory of Rio d'Oro. The Madeira archipelago was occupied in 1418–1420 and the Azores in 1439.

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⁴ Although it should be said that Asian food plants probably reached West Africa via the old Sahelian trade routes; see Shaw, Thurstan, Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 6 (1972), pp. 143–92.Google Scholar

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⁸ Prest, John, The Garden of Eden (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1981).Google ScholarThe titles of some popular English late seventeenth-century books on botany indicate that this purpose could also be fulfilled in a less elaborate way by the domestic garden, which developed rapidly in popularity between 1600 and 1700. Thus at least one book marketed in England in the 1650s was entitled ‘The Garden of Eden’, while many other garden or herbal instruction books stressed similar themes.Google Scholar See Plat, , The Garden of Eden (Bellingham, London, 1654),Google Scholar and the account of the rise in popularity of seventeenth-century gardens in Thomas, Keith, Man and the Natural World (Oxford University Press, 1983).Google Scholar

⁹ Thirsk, Joan, Economic Policy and Projects (Oxford University Press, 1978);Google Scholar the main major exceptions to this rule are the works on the spice trade by Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, especially Mauritius and the Spice Trade (Port Louis, 1958).Google Scholar

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¹⁶ E.g.Elvin, Mark and Marika Vicziany, ‘Ecology and the economic history of Asia’, Asian Studies Review (1990), pp. 39–72;Google ScholarKathiramby-Wells, J., ‘Socio-political structures and the south-east Asian ecosystem; a historical perspective up to the mid-nineteenth century’, in Bruun, Ole and Kalland, Arne (eds), Asian Perceptions of Nature (Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Copenhagen, 1992);Google ScholarCallicott, J. Baird and Ames, Roger T., Nature in Asian Traditions of Thought; essays in environmental philosophy (State University of New York Press, Albany, 1989).Google Scholar

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²³ There is a further element respecting gender which should not be ignored. Some of the collecting and most of the cataloguing of Orta's specimens were carried out by Antonia, a local Konkani ‘slave-girl’; Orta, Coloquios, p. xiii.

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²⁵ Ibid., p. 10.

²⁶ Ibid., pp. 86–7.

²⁷ Although he adds (p. 97), that ‘we stick to the Malayali names, because this was the first land we knew’.

²⁸ Ibid., p. 306.

²⁹ Ibid., p. 483.

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³⁹ Ibid.

⁴⁰ Ibid.

⁴¹ Ibid.

Reede, Van refers to a trip he made from Tuticorin to Travancore, through high mountain areas [Netherlands Colonial Archives, Ref; Inv no 1142, pp. 702–831, quoted in Heniger, ‘Preface’, p. 43.]Google Scholar

⁴² Ibid., p. v.

⁴³ Ibid.

⁴⁴ Ibid., pp. iv–v.

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⁴⁶ Ibid., p. 41.

⁴⁷ Ibid., p. 40.

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⁴⁹ Ibid., p. 147.

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⁶¹ Stearn, W. T., The Influence of Leyden on Botany in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Leidse Voordrachten 37, Leiden, 1961).Google Scholar

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