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³ Chung-cheng, Chiang, ‘Hsün-lien ti mu-ti yü hsün-lien shih-shih kang-yao (The Objectives of Training and an Outline for Their Implementation)’, 26 and 29 April 1939, op. cit., XIV, 137.Google Scholar

⁴ Chung-cheng, Chiang, ‘Chung-yung chih yao-chih yü chiang-ling chih chi-pen hsüeh-li (The Essentials of the Doctrine of the Mean and the Fundamental Principles for Military Officers)’, 3 March 1936, op. cit., XII, 294–5.Google Scholar

⁵ Ibid., p. 295.

⁶ Chung-cheng, Chiang, ‘Ta hsüeh chih tao: Shang (The Principles of the Great Learning, 1st Lecture)’, 11 September 1934, op. cit., XII, 16.Google ScholarAlso in Chung-cheng, Chiang, Lu-shan hsün-lien chi (Speeches at the Lushan Officers’ Training Corps) (n.p., n.d.), II, 123.Google Scholar

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⁸ Chung-cheng, Chiang, Collected Speeches and Messages, I, 1, gives 1914 as the time when the couplet was written.Google ScholarSsu-ch'eng, Mao, Min-kuo shih-wu-nien i-ch'ien chih Chiang Chieh-shih hsien-sheng (Mr. Chiang Kai-shek, 1887–1926) (Hongkong: Lung-men shu-tien [10 1936], 11 1965), 5th ts'e, p. 3a, gives 20 01 1923, as the date. The latter date is probably correct as Chiang had become somewhat reflective by this time. Chiang was greatly pleased with this couplet; he made frequent reference to it and to the fact that it had been inscribed by Sun Yat-sen.Google Scholar

⁹ Chung-cheng, Chiang, ‘Che-hsüeh yü chiao-yü tui-yü ch'ing-nien ti kuan-hsi (The Relevance of Philosophy and Education to the Youth)’, 9–10 07 1941, Collected Speeches and Messages, XV, 281.Google Scholar

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¹³ Mao, , op. cit., 8th ts'e, p. 80b.Google ScholarChang, H. H., Chiang Kai-shek: Asia's Man of Destiny, New York, 1944, 221, corroborates this list but adds Shih K'o-fa.Google Scholar

¹⁴ For the 1924 preface, see Mao, , op. cit., 8th ts'e, pp. 37a–40b.Google Scholar

¹⁵ ‘Chu-hsi ssu-hsiang shu-yao (A Synopsis of the Chairman's Thought)’, in Wen-i, Teng (ed.), Wei-ta ti Chiang chu-hsi (The Illustrious Chairman Chiang), Shanghai, Kuofan-pu hsin-wen-chü, 1946, p. 187Google Scholar; Wright, Mary C., ‘From Revolution to Restoration: The Transformation of Kuomintang Ideology’, Far Eastern Quarterly, XIV, No. 4 (08 1955), 525, n. 56. For aspects of Chiang's ideological conservatism, see Mrs. Wright's thoughtful article in its entirety.Google Scholar

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¹⁷ Chung-cheng, Chiang, ‘Wei yu chiao-yü yü ching-chi fang k'o chiu kuo-chia yü min-tsu (Only Through Education and Economic Measures Can the Nation and the People Be Saved)’, in Ch'eng, Chin (ed), Chiang Chung-cheng ch'üan chi (The Complete Works of Chiang Kai-shek), Shanghai, Min-tsu ch'u-pan-she, 06 1937, II, 5th pien, p. 6.Google Scholar Also see Chung-cheng, Chiang, ‘Chiao-fei ch'eng pai yü kuo-chia ts'un-wang (The Relevance of the Communist Extermination Campaign to the Survival of the Nation)’, 2 10 1933, Collected Speeches and Messages, VI, 8–9.Google Scholar

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¹⁹ Mao, , op. cit., 6th ts'e, p. 59b. The lectures were given by Sun from 27 January to 24 August 1924Google Scholar; Yat-sen, Sun, San Min Chu I, trans. by Price, Frank W., Shanghai, China Committee, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1927, pp. 28, 54, 514Google Scholar; Lu, Tsou, Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang shih-kao (A Draft History of the Kuomintang), Taipei, Shang-wu yin-shu-kuan, 1965, pp. 592–3.Google Scholar Chiang wrote in 1956: ‘After the First National Congress Dr. Sun gave three series of lectures on the Three People's Principles. From March 30 to August 24 1924, he gave a weekly talk at National Chungshan University’; Chung-cheng, Chiang, Soviet Russia in China: A Summing-Up at Seventy, New York, 1957, p. 28. This is an error as the first lecture was given while the First National Congress of the Kuomintang was still in session.Google Scholar

²⁰ Mao, , op. cit., 8th ts'e, pp. 79b–81a; 9th ts'e, pp. 1b, 5b, 80a; 10th ts'e, pp. 2b, 37b; 11th ts'e, p. 69a; 12th ts'e, pp. 40b, 42a, 78a, 78b, 82a–b, 91b, 92a; 13th ts'e, pp. 2b, 57b, 58a.Google Scholar

²¹ Ibid., 15th ts'e, pp. 53b, 81a, 88a; 16th ts'e, pp. 72b, 73a.

²² Ibid., 14th ts'e, pp. 38a, 55b, 70a, 70b, 71a, 72b, 75a; 15th ts'e, pp. 59b, 80a, 88b, 91a; 16th ts'e, pp. 42b, 74b.

²³ Chiang's most extensive and most factual statement on the teachings of Sun before the latter's death was his speech on the Double Tenth in 1924; Chiang Chungcheng, ‘San-min-chu-i yü wu-ch’üan hsien-fa ti kai-yao (An Outline of the Three People's Principles and the Five-Power Constitution), 10 October 1924, in Chiang Chieh-shih hsien-sheng yen-shuo chi (Collected Speeches of Mr. Chiang Kai-shek), Canton, P'ing she, 12 1927, I, 291–300Google Scholar; extracts in Mao, , op. cit., 8th ts'e, pp. 12a–13b. An example of Chiang's use of Sun's ideology for organizational purposesGoogle Scholar, see Chung-cheng, Chiang, ‘Tang ping ti i-i (The Meaning of Being a Soldier)’, 30 11 1924, Collected Speeches of Mr. Chiang Kai-shek, I, 321–30Google Scholar; extracts in Mao, , op. cit., 8th ts'e, pp. 57b–58b.Google Scholar

²⁴ Chiang's funeral oration on 30 March 1925, contains the following passages: ‘Our Leader Sun Yat-sen was the founding father of the Republic of China. He is dead now…. His illness did not occur suddenly; according to the physicians, he had had the liver disease for several years. The primary reason for his [death from the liver] disease was that he had been greatly depressed by the rebellion of Ch'en Chiung-ming. If we are to fulfill his principles, our first urgent duty is to kill Ch'en Chiung-ming’Google ScholarMao, , op. cit., 9th ts'e, pp. 86b–87a.Google Scholar

²⁵ See Chiang's speeches of 27 March and and 7 April 1925, in ibid., 9th ts'e, pp. 77b–79a; 10th ts'e, pp. 3a–4b, 5a–8a.

²⁶ Ibid., 10th ts'e, pp. 13b–14a.

²⁷ Chiang's letter of 14 March 1924, to Liao, in ibid., 6th ts'e, pp. 21b–22a.

²⁸ Liu, F. F., A Military History of Modern China, 1924–1949, Princeton, 1956, pp. 21–2Google Scholar; Chiang, , Soviet Russia in China, pp. 35–6. Chiang is known to have kept a tab on the Communists at WhampoaGoogle Scholar; Snow, Edgar, Random Notes on Red China (1936–1945), Cambridge: Chinese Economic and Political Studies, Harvard University, 1957, p. 95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁹ Mao, , op. cit., 11th ts'e, p. 64a.Google Scholar

³⁰ Ibid., pp. 70b–74a. The citations are from pp. 72a and 73b.

³¹ Ibid., 10th ts'e, pp. 29a–32b.

³² Ibid., 11th ts'e, pp. 55a–56b.

³³ Ibid., 13th ts'e, pp. 3a–16a.

³⁴ Tai Chi-t'ao, ‘Min-sheng che-hsüeh hsi-t'ung-piao (Synopsis of the Philosophy of People's Livelihood)’, with commentaries, in Tai-Chi-t'ao, , Sun Wen chu-i chih che-hsüeh ti chi-chu' (The Philosophical Foundation of the Teachings of Sun Yat-sen), Taipei, Chungyang wen-wu kung-ying-she, 11 1954, pp. 53–6 and attached schema.Google ScholarFor the English translation by Wu, Y. H., entitled ‘Synopsis of Sun Yat-sen's “Three Principles of the People”’, see Chinese Social and Political Science Review, XII, No. 1, (01 1928), p. 58 and attached schema.Google Scholar

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³⁹ Mao, , op. cit., 12th ts'e, pp. 11b–12a.Google ScholarCf. Sun, , op. cit., pp. 382–3Google Scholar; Tai, , Philosophical Foundation, pp. 10–12, 33, 51.Google Scholar

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⁴⁶ Chiang, , ‘The Intellectual Problems’, loc. cit., p. 14.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Chiang, , ‘The Theoretical System’, loc. cit., facing p. 146.Google Scholar

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⁵³ Tuan-sheng, Ch'ien, The Government and Politics of China, Cambridge, Mass., 1950, p. 115.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Cf. Sun, , San Min Chu I, 6th lecture on Nationalism, pp. 122–48Google Scholar; Chung-cheng, Chiang, ‘Chin-te hsiu yeh yü ke-min chih t'u-ching (The Cultivation of Virtue, the Advancement of Learning and the Revolutionary Path)’, 16 03 1933, Collected Speeches and Messages, X, 144–52Google Scholar; Chiang Chung-cheng, ‘Cheng-chih ti tao-li (The Principles of Politics)’, 21 March 1939, ibid., XIV, 69–87.

⁵⁵ Chung-cheng, Chiang, ‘On the Birthday Centennial of Dr. Sun Yat-sen’, Central Daily News, 13 11 1965, p. 1, for the English version; and 12 November 1965, p. 1, for the Chinese version.Google Scholar

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⁶⁴ Chiang, Mayling Soong, ‘What Religion Means to Me’, This Is Our China, New York, 1940, p. 558.Google ScholarThis self-portrait was separately published as ‘My Religion’, Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury, 14 May 1934Google Scholar.

⁶⁵ Chiang, Mayling Soong, ‘What Religion Means to Me,’ loc. cit., p. 161.Google Scholar

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