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¹¹ Johore State Secretary to Rubber Estate Cos., 28 May 1907, State Secretariat Official Letter Book 1902–09, Johore Archives, State Secretariat, Johore Bahru, lists 18 companies.Google Scholar

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²¹ Hicks Beach to Napier (draft), 23 October 1878, CO 273/97; Anson to Hicks Beach, 16 August 1879, enclosing Abu Bakar to Anson, 15 August 1879, CO 273/99.Google Scholar

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³² Lake, H. W. to Under-Secretary, 10 April 1905, CO 273/313.Google Scholar

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⁴⁹ See, e.g., minutes on Smith to Ripon, 29 November 1892, CO 273/183, re Pahang concessions.Google Scholar

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⁵³ Ibid., p. 39. The Colonial Office seems to have recognized and encouraged only one significant company, the Pahang Corporation Ltd., which held an important tin mine.

⁵⁴ 8 July, 9 July 1887, Governors' Letters, National Library, Singapore. Wong, Cf., p. 130 and passim.Google Scholar

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⁵⁶ Cf. Rosebery's remark about Africa, cited Robinson, R., Gallagher, J. and Denny, A., Africa and the Victorians, London, 1961, p. 398.Google Scholar

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⁶⁰ In connexion with railway development. See below.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Rodyk, and Davidson, letter, 24 April 1912, General Adviser's file 113/1912; also file 115/1912, General Adviser's files, Johore Archives; Rubber Estates of Johore Ltd. to C.O., 21 October 1907, CO 273/334; minute on Anderson to Elgin, 2 March 1906, CO 273/320. Swettenham advocated that British civil servants in Malaya should be permitted to speculate in land and did so himself in the eighties. See Smith to Knutsford, 16 December 1890, CO 273/169; Smith to Ripon, 30 June 1893, CO 273/188, Fairfield memo, 17 August 1892. There has been unfounded speculation about the reasons for Swettenham's retirement. An unpublished thesis by Y. E. Parry, ‘Sir Frank Swettenham as Governor and High Commissioner’, U. of Singapore, argues that he retired because he let the opium and spirit farms illegally or dishonestly. In fact the dispute to which the writer refers occurred under Governor Anderson. I have also heard it suggested in Malaysia that Swettenham was forced to retire because of his land concession, but this grant followed his retirement.Google Scholar

⁶² See below, note 65.Google Scholar

⁶³ Lovat, Alice Lady, p. 414.Google Scholar

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⁶⁸ Mitchell to Chamberlain, 25 August 1899, CO 273/248.Google Scholar

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⁷² Chamberlain minute, 31 January 1902, CO 273/288; minutes on Swettenham to Chamberlain, March 1903, CO 273/293. See also,Google ScholarTregonning, K. O., Under Chartered Company Rule, Singapore, 1958, pp. 56 ff.Google Scholar

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⁷⁵ Swettenham to Lucas, 26 July 1902, CO 273/283.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Ibrahim to Elgin, 26 March 1906, CO 273/324.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Anderson to Elgin, 19 June 1907, CO 273/330; Barry to Hopwood, 6 August 1907, CO 273/334. A very extensive correspondence on the Johore railway, including the Barry and Pauling negotiations is in the CO 273 series and in the Johore State Secretariat Letter Books.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Stubbs, R. E. memo on Herbert to Under-Secretary, 10 February 1903, CO 273/297.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ See Sinclair, K., loc. cit.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Meldrum to Abu Bakar, 8 July 1878, CO 273/97; Erlanger to Lyttelton, 24 May 1905, CO 273/316.Google Scholar

⁸¹ Staley, E., War and the Private Investor, New York, 1935, p. 387.Google Scholar

⁸² Cf. Cambridge History of the British Empire, III, London, 1959, p. 766, and the general observations by A. F. Madden on fin de siècle imperialism in Chapter 10.Google Scholar