Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T08:32:49.048Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Foreign Media Coverage and Protest Outcomes in China: The case of the 2011 Wukan rebellion*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2014

STEVE HESS*
Affiliation:
University of Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States of America Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

By looking at the case of the 2011 Wukan rebellion in Guangdong Province, the following article explores the role played by foreign media in influencing the protest's ultimate outcome: an intervention from above by provincial authorities in favour of the villagers. Placing Wukan into a four-level model incorporating local, provincial, national, and international dimensions, this article considers how Wukan might serve as a model for contention that may influence future acts of popular protest in China in the digital age. It suggests that while appealing directly to foreign media can help claimants increase their leverage over local officials and prompt interventions from above, such actions are likely to modify and accelerate, but not fundamentally transform, existing patterns of localized, community-specific acts of contention seen earlier in the Reform Era.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Special thanks to Thomas Ward, Yu Yanmin, Wei Chunjuan, Kim Setton, Michael McCarthy, and my other colleagues at the University of Bridgeport's College of Public and International Affairs for their valuable feedback and comments in the development of this article.

References

1 More than doubling their number in 1997, as many as 33.6 per cent of all mass protest actions in 2007 were related to land or property rights. See Chen, C. J. (2009), ‘Growing Social Unrest and Emergent Protest Groups in China’, in Hsiao, H. H. and Lin, C. Y. (eds), Rise of China: Beijing's Strategies and Implications for the Asia-Pacific, London, Routledge, pp. 8788Google Scholar. Also see Hess, S. (2010), ‘Nail-Houses, Land Rights, and Frames of Injustice on China's Protest Landscape’, Asian Survey, 50:5, pp. 908926CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 Wong, E. (2011), Demonstrators Who Took Over Chinese Village Halt Protest, New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/22/world/asia/wukan-china-protesters-agree-to-halt-demonstrations.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

3 Moore, M. (2011), Chinese Police Besiege Town and Cut off Food Supplies in Bid to Quell Riots, The Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8951638/Chinese-police-besiege-town-and-cut-of-food-supplies-in-bid-to-quell-riots.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

4 Orlik, T. (2011), Unrest Grows as Economy Booms, Wall Street Journal: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903703604576587070600504108.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

5 Lee, C. K. (2007), Against the Law: Labor Protests in China's Rustbelt and Sunbelt, Berkeley, University of California Press, p. 10Google Scholar.

6 Li, C. (2006), Think National, Blame Local: Central-Provincial Dynamics in the Hu Era, China Leadership Monitor: http://www.hoover.org/publications/china-leadership-monitor/article/6233, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

7 Page, J. and Spegele, B. (2011), Beijing Set to ‘Strike Hard’ at Revolt, Wall Street Journal: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204026804577100132882903066.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

8 Anderlini, J. (2012), Beijing Appoints Wukan Protest Leader as Official, Financial Times: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f5e8ffa8-4055-11e1-82f6-00144feab49a.html#axzz1r5XNeOt0, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

9 Jia, H., and Lin, Z. M., (eds), (1994), Changing Central-Local Relations in China: Reform and State Capacity, Boulder, Westview Press, pp. 135Google Scholar.

10 Montinola, G., Qian, Y. and Weingast, B. R. (1995), ‘Federalism, Chinese Style: The Political Basis for Economic Success in China’, World Politics, 48:1, pp. 5081CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 Oi, J. (1992), ‘Fiscal Reform and the Economic Foundations of Local State Corporatism in China’, World Politics, 45:1, pp. 99126CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ming, Xia (2000), The Dual Developmental State: Developmental Strategy and Institutional Arrangements for China's Transition, Brookfield, Ashgate PublishingGoogle Scholar; Landry, P. (2008), Decentralized Authoritarianism in China, New York, Cambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 Landry, Decentralized Authoritarianism in China, p. 6.

13 Cai, Y. (2010), Collective Resistance in China, Stanford, Stanford University Press, p. 4Google Scholar.

14 Edin, M. (2003), ‘State Capacity and Local Agent Control in China: CCP Cadre Management from a Township Perspective’, The China Quarterly, 173, p. 40CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 Cai, Y. (2008), ‘Social Conflicts and Modes of Action in China’, The China Journal, 59, p. 90CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

16 O’Brien, K. (2003), ‘Neither Transgressive nor Contained: Boundary-Spanning Contention in China’, Mobilization, 8:1, p. 53Google Scholar.

17 O’Brien, K. and Li, L. J. (2006), Rightful Resistance in Rural China, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

18 Cai, Y. (2008), ‘Power Structure and Regime Resilience: Contentious Politics in China’, British Journal of Political Science, 38, pp. 412413CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

19 Cai, ‘Power Structure and Regime Resilience’, pp. 412–413.

20 Cai, Collective Resistance in China, pp. 8–10.

21 Cai, Collective Resistance in China, p. 111.

22 Piven, F. F. and Cloward, R. (1979), Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail, New York, Vintage Books, pp. 2730Google Scholar.

23 Guidi, Chen and Chuntao, Wu (2006), Will the Boat Sink the Water?, New York, Perseus BooksGoogle Scholar.

24 Cody, E. (2007), Text Messages Giving Voice to Chinese, Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/27/AR2007062702962.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

25 Bradsher, K. and Barboza, D. (2011), Strike in China Highlights Gap in Workers’ Pay, New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/business/global/29honda.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

26 LaFraniere, S. (2011), Anger and Suspicion as Survivors Await Chinese Crash Report, New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/21/world/asia/anger-and-suspicion-as-survivors-await-chinese-crash-report.html?pagewanted=1, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

27 Bandurski, D. (2011), Dalian Protests Erased from Social Media, China Media Project: http://cmp.hku.hk/2011/08/14/14785/, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

28 Bennett, I. (2011), Media Censorship in China, Council on Foreign Relations: http://www.cfr.org/china/media-censorship-china/p11515, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

29 Bennett, Media Censorship in China.

30 Hassid, J. (2008), ‘Controlling the Chinese Media: An Uncertain Business’, Asian Survey, 48:3, p. 415CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

31 Hassid, ‘Controlling the Chinese Media’, p. 415.

32 Guidi, Chen and Chuntao, Wu, Will the Boat Sink the Water?.

33 Li, C. (2006), ‘Think National, Blame Local: Central-Provincial Dynamics in the Hu Era’, China Leadership Monitor, 17, p. 5Google Scholar.

34 Blanchard, B. (2008), China Milk Scandal Firm Asked for Cover-up Help, Reuters: http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/10/01/us-china-milk-idUSTRE48T0L920081001, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar; Probe Finds Producer Knew of Toxic Milk for Months, China Daily (2008): http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-09/22/content_7048712.htm, [accessed 31 May 2014].

35 Mayor Implicated in Milk Scandal Reshuffled to High-Level Position, Caixin (2012): http://english.caixin.com/2012-01-21/100350766.html, [accessed 28 May 2014].

36 Bandurski, D. (2011), Chinese Language Coverage of Wukan, Chinese Media Project: http://cmp.hku.hk/2011/12/19/17650/, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

37 Keck, M. and Sikkink, K. (1998), Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Ithaca, New York, Cornell University PressGoogle Scholar.

38 O’Brien and Li, Rightful Resistance in Rural China.

39 4,000 Villagers Protest Land Grabs, Elections, Caixin (2011): http://english.caixin.com/2011-11-22/100330330.html, [accessed 28 May 2014].

40 Economy, E. (2011), Occupy Wukan: China's 99 Percent, Committee on Foreign Relations: http://blogs.cfr.org/asia/2011/12/15/occupy-wukan-china%E2%80%99s-99-percent/Google Scholar, [accessed 28 June 2014]; Wines, M. (2011), Revolt Begins Like Others, but its End is Less Certain, New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/world/asia/wukan-revolt-takes-on-a-life-of-its-own.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

41 Wines, M. (2011), A Village in Revolt Could Be a Harbinger for China, New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/26/world/asia/in-china-the-wukan-revolt-could-be-a-harbinger.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

42 4,000 Villagers Protest Land Grabs, Elections, Caixin.

43 Moore, M. (2011), Wukan Siege: the Fallen Villager, Daily Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8960078/Wukan-siege-the-fallen-villager.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

44 4,000 Villagers Protest Land Grabs, Elections, Caixin.

45 Moore, Wukan Siege: the Fallen Villager.

46 Moore, M. (2012), Wukan Seige: Chinese Officials Hold Village Ransom, Daily Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8957048/Wukan-siege-Chinese-officials-hold-village-to-ransom.html, [accessed 20 April 2012]Google Scholar.

47 Moore, M. (2012), Rebel Chinese Village of Wukan ‘Has Food for Ten Days’, Daily Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8955295/Rebel-Chinese-village-of-Wukan-has-food-for-ten-days.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

48 Wines, M. (2012), Protest's Success May Not Change China, New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/04/world/asia/chinese-villages-revolution-unlikely-to-be-replicated.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar; Moore, M. (2011), Inside Wukan: The Chinese Village that Fought Back, Daily Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8954315/Inside-Wukan-the-Chinese-village-that-fought-back.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar; Moore, Rebel Chinese Village of Wukan ‘Has Food for Ten Days’.

49 Watts, J. (2011), Family of Dead Chinese Protester Dispute Heart Attack Claim, The Guardian: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/dec/13/family-chinese-protester-heart-attack, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

50 Moore, Wukan Siege: the Fallen Villager.

51 Watts, J. (2011), Chinese Villagers in Standoff with Riot Police Call on Government to Intervene, The Guardian: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/dec/14/chinese-villagers-standoff-riot-police, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

52 Moore, M. (2011), Wukan Siege: First Crack in the Villagers’ Resolve, Daily Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8959080/Wukan-siege-First-crack-in-the-villagers-resolve.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

53 Moore, M.Wukan Siege: Rebel Chinese Village Holds Memorial for Fallen Villager, Daily Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8960077/Wukan-siege-rebel-Chinese-village-holds-memorial-for-fallen-villager.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

54 Lasseter, T. (2011), In Rebellious Wukan, a Rare Sight: No Authorities, McClatchy News: http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2011/12/15/133208/in-rebellious-wukan-china-a-rare.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

55 Moore, Inside Wukan: The Chinese Village that Fought Back.

56 Watts, Chinese Villagers in Standoff with Riot Police Call on Government to Intervene.

57 O’Brien and Li, Rightful Resistance in Rural China; Wines, M. (2011), Chinese Protesters Seek Return of Villager's Body, New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/19/world/asia/wukan-protesters-seek-return-of-xue-jinbos-body.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar; China Protest in Guangdong's Wukan ‘Vanishes from the Web’, BBC News (2011): http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-16192541, [accessed 28 May 2014.]

58 Bandurski Chinese Language Coverage of Wukan.

59 China Protest in Guangdong's Wukan ‘Vanishes from the Web’, BBC News.

60 Bandurski, Chinese Language Coverage of Wukan.

61 ‘Wukan’ on Sina Weibo: Unblocked as Protest Postponed, China Digital Times (2011): http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2011/12/wukan-on-sina-weibo-unblocked-as-prostest-postponed/, [accessed 28 May 2014].

62 Lasseter, In Rebellious Wukan, a Rare Sight: No Authorities, McClatchy News.

63 Moore, M. (2011), Post on Google Plus: https://plus.google.com/106468378347740234551/posts/cGLTZvczzWR, [accessed 28 May 2014].

64 Inside China's Protest Village, Wukan in Guangdong, BBC News (2011): http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-16206780, [accessed 28 May 2014].

65 Wines, M. (2011), Revolt Begins Like Others, but its End is Less Certain.

66 Moore, M. (2011), Post on Google Plus: https://plus.google.com/u/0/106468378347740234551/posts, [accessed 28 May 2014].

68 Economy, E. (2011), China's Dalian Demonstrations and a ‘More Democratic Time’, Council on Foreign Relations: http://blogs.cfr.org/asia/2011/08/16/china's-dalian-demonstrations-and-a-“more-democratic-time”/. [accessed 28 June 2014].Google Scholar

69 Johnson, I. (2011), Train Wreck in China Heightens Unease on Safety Standards, New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/world/asia/25train.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

70 Google Insights.

71 Government Imposes Media Blackout on Village Protests, International Freedom of Expression Exchange (2011): http://www.ifex.org/china/2011/12/16/blocked_news_reports/, [accessed 28 May 2014].

72 Bandurski, Chinese Language Coverage of Wukan.

73 Zheng, Y. X., speech, trans. Bandurski, D. (2011), ‘Guangdong Extends a Firm Hand to Wukan Villagers’, China Media Project, 21 DecemberGoogle Scholar; full video of televised speech available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JL-OW_Zf6Tw&feature=youtu.be, [accessed 28 May 2014].

74 Cai, ‘Power Structure and Regime Resilience’, p. 418.

75 Lu, A. (2012), The Wukan Effect, The Diplomat: http://the-diplomat.com/china-power/2012/02/25/the-wukan-effect/, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar; Rizzo, L. (2011), Wukan Protesters Win Rare Concessions in China, Global Post: http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/china/111221/wukan-protesters-win-demands-rare-government-comprom, [accessed 27 June 2014]Google Scholar.

76 Wukan Village Voters Elect Representatives, China Daily (2012): http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2012-02/13/content_14587534.htm, [accessed 28 May 2014]; Lasseter, T. (2011), Villagers Take a Stand in Wukan, China, McClatchy News: http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2011/12/16/133333/pair-take-a-stand-in-wukan-china.html#.UYeamLWG1rM, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

77 Former Wukan Village Heads Expelled from Party, Xinhua (2012): http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-04/23/c_131546216.htm, [accessed 28 May 2014].

78 Former Wukan Village Heads Expelled from Party, Xinhua.

79 The Guangdong Model, The Economist (2012): http://www.economist.com/node/21540285, [accessed 28 May 2014].

80 Lu, The Wukan Effect; Spegele, B. (2012), Wukan Vote Offers Beijing a New Path, Wall Street Journal: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204276304577261102994328874.html, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

81 Fewsmith, J. (2012), ‘Guangdong Leads Calls to Break Up “Vested Interests” and Revive Reform’, China Leadership Monitor, 37, p. 7Google Scholar.

82 Cai, Y. S. (2007), ‘Civil Resistance and Rule of Law in China: The Defense of Homeowners’ Rights’ in Perry, E. and Goldman, M.Grassroots Political Reform in Contemporary China, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, pp. 175176Google Scholar; Rural Land Disputes Lead Unrest, China Daily (2010): http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-11/06/content_11511477.htm, [accessed 31 May 2014].

83 See Hess, ‘Nail-Houses, Land Rights, and Frames of Injustice on China's Protest Landscape’.

84 Fewsmith, Guangdong Leads Calls to Break Up ‘Vested Interests’ and Revive Reform, p. 3.

85 Fewsmith, Joseph (2012), Social Management as a Way of Coping With Heightened Social Tensions, China Leadership Monitor, p. 36: http://www.hoover.org/publications/china-leadership-monitor/article/104226, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

86 Lau, M. (2012), Second Village Wins Swift Graft Probe, South China Morning Post: http://www.scmp.com/article/990540/second-village-wins-swift-graft-probe, [accessed 28 June 2014]Google Scholar.

87 Zhejiang Villagers Protest Land Grabs, NTD Television (2012): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9jwa3R5zQw, [accessed 28 June 2014].

88 Branigan, T. (2012), Chinese Villagers Clash with Police in Land-Grab Protests, Guardian: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/apr/03/chinese-police-land-grab-protests, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar.

89 Tan, K., Huang, F. and Colwell, J. (2012), Journalists Attacked by Thugs while Investigating Land Grab Protests in Panhe, Zhejiang, Shanghaiist: http://shanghaiist.com/2012/02/16/journalists-attacked-panhe-zhejiang.php, [accessed 28 May 2014]Google Scholar; Freedom House, China Media Bulletin (2012), p. 48: http://freedomhouse.org/article/china-media-bulletin-issue-no-48#.U6KXh-LyQSk, [accessed 30 June 2014]. Committee to Protect Journalists (2012), International Journalists Attacked While Covering Land Dispute: http://ifex.org/china/2012/02/17/land_protests/, [accessed 28 May 2014].

90 Tan et al. (2012), Journalists Attacked by Thugs while Investigating Land Grab Protests in Panhe, Zhejiang.

91 In China, Journalists Attacked While Covering Land Dispute, Committee to Protect Journalists (2012): http://cpj.org/2012/02/in-china-journalists-attacked-while-covering-land.php, [accessed 28 May 2014]; Freedom House, China Media Bulletin (2012), p. 48

92 Al Jazeera English Forced Out of China, Al Jazeera, 9 May 2012: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2012/05/201257195136608563.html, (accessed 28 May 2014); Freedom House, Freedom in the World (2012): http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/china-0, [accessed 28 May 2014]; Correspondent Expelled, Foreign Correspondents’ Club of China, 8 May 2012: http://www.fccchina.org/2012/05/08/correspondent-expelled/, [accessed 28 May 2014].

93 Freedom House, Freedom in the World (2012); China Mobile Phone Users Exceed 1 Billion, China Daily, 30 March 2012: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-03/30/content_14954435.htm (accessed 28 May 2014).

94 Morozov, E. (2011), The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom, Philadelphia, Perseus BooksGoogle Scholar.