Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T06:36:22.040Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Fellow-regional Associations in the Ch'ing Dynasty: Organizations in Flux for Mobile People. A Preliminary Survey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

L. Eve Armentrout
L. Eve Armentrout
Affiliation:
University of California
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

As had been the case throughout much of Chinese history, government during the Ch'ing dynasty (1644–1911) was largely in the hands of a civil bureaucracy staffed by the Confucian literati. Prevailing political thought held that moral suasion and commonly held ideals were in a large way responsible for keeping both the society and the body politic running smoothly. For this and other reasons, the court assigned a rather small number of bureaucrats to manage a truly vast population. In addition, it was commonly assumed by rulers and the ruled that China's was and should be primarily an agrarian society of self-sufficient peasants. The only orthodox avenue of social, even spatial, mobility was the Confucian examination system which led successful candidates into the bureaucracy. This view denigrated the importance of commerce, of technological advancement, of learning outside the Confucian classics; and it acted as a brake on social, political, and economic development.

Type
Articles
Information
Modern Asian Studies , Volume 18 , Issue 2 , April 1984 , pp. 307 - 330
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1984

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Brown, Shannon R., ‘The Partially Opened Door: Limitations on Economic Change in China in the 1860s,’ pp. 177–92 in Modern Asian Studies, v. 12, n. 2 (04 1978).Google Scholar
Burgess, John Stewart, The Guilds of Peking (New York: Columbia University Press, 1928).Google Scholar
Han-kwang, Ch'en, ‘Jih-chü shih-ch'i T'ai-wan Chung-hua tsung hui-kuan chih yen-ko (. A Historical Sketch of The Chinese General Association Hall during the Period of Japanese Occupation),’ pp. 78–84 in Tai-wan wen-hsien, v. 19, n. 3 (09 1968).Google Scholar
Han-sheng, Ch'üan, Chung-kuo hang-hui chih-tu shih (, The History of Merchant Guilds in China) (Shanghai: Hsin sheng-ming shu-chü, 1934).Google Scholar
Ch'ung-hsü She-hsien hui-kuan lu ( , Continuation of the Records of the She-hsien hui-kuan) (Hongkong: Ta-t'ung t'u-shu kung-ssu, 1977 reprint of the 1834 edition).Google Scholar
Crissman, Lawrence W., ‘The Segmentary Structure of Urban Overseas Chinese Communities,’ in Man, new series v. 2, n. 2 (06 1967), pp. 185–204.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Eberhard, Social Mobility in Traditional China (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1962).Google Scholar
Robert, Entenmann, ‘Sichuan and Qing Migration Policy,’ pp. 35–54 in Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i, v. 4, n. 4 (12 1980).Google Scholar
Hao, Fang, , Fang Hao liu-shih chih liu-shih-ssu tzu-hsüan tai-ting kao Fang Hao's Essays Nos 60–64 as Personally Selected by the Author) (Taipei: Taiwan hsüeh-sheng shu-chü, 1974).Google Scholar
Stephan, Feuchtwang, ‘City Temples in Taipei under Three Regimes,’ pp. 263–301 in Elvin, Mark and Skinner, G. William (eds), The Chinese City between Two Worlds (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974).Google Scholar
Maurice, Freedman, ‘Immigrants and Associations: Chinese in Nineteenth-century Singapore,’ pp. 25–48 in Comparative Studies in Society and History, v. 3 (October 1960-July 1961).Google Scholar
Golas, Peter J., ‘Early Ch'ing Guilds,’ pp. 555–80 in Skinner, G. William (ed.), The City in Late Imperial China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977).Google Scholar
Hamilton, Gary G., ‘Nineteenth Century Merchant Associations: Conspiracy or Combination?,’ pp. 50–71 in Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i, v. 3, n. 8 (12 1977).Google Scholar
Robert, Hart (Inspector General of Customs), China: Imperial Maritime Customs Decennial Reports, 1882–1891 (Shanghai: Inspectorate General of Customs, 1893).Google Scholar
Robert, HartChina: Imperial Maritime Customs Decennial Reports, 1892–1901, v. 1 and v. 2 (Shanghai: Inspectorate General of Customs, 1904/1906).Google Scholar
James, Hayes, The Hong Kong Region, 1850–1911: Institutions and Leadership in Town and Countryside (Archon Books, 1977).Google Scholar
Ping-ti, Ho, Chung-kuo hui-kuan shih-lun (, An Historical Survey of Landsmannschaften in China) (Taipei: T'ai-wan hsüeh-sheng shu-chü, 1966).Google Scholar
Wen-hsiung, Hsu, ‘Chinese Colonization of Taiwan during the Ch'ing Period’ (unpublished paper delivered to National Conference of the Association for Asian Studies, March–April 1979).Google Scholar
Seiji, Imahori, Chūkoku hōken shakai no kōzō (Social Organizations of Chinese Feudal Society) (Tokyo: Nihon gakujutsu shinkō kai kankō, 1978).Google Scholar
Mann, Jones Susan, ‘The Ningpo Pang and Financial Power at Shanghai,’ pp. 73–96 in Elvin, Mark and Skinner, G. William (eds), The Chinese City between Two Worlds (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974).Google Scholar
Kelley, David E., ‘Sect and Society: The Evolution of the Lo Sect among Grain Tribute Fleet Boatmen, 1700–1850’ (unpublished paper presented to the ACLS-NEH sponsored conference on ‘Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy in Late Imperial China,’ 1981.Google Scholar
Kelley, David E., ‘Temples and Tribute Fleets: the Luo Sect and Boatmen's Associations in the Eighteenth Century,’ pp. 361–91 in Modern China, v. 8, n. 3 (07 1982).Google Scholar
Lamley, Harry J., ‘Hsieh-tou: The Pathology of Violence in Southeastern China,’ pp. 1–39 in Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i, v. 3 n. 7 (11 1977).Google Scholar
Lee, Robert H. G., The Manchurian Frontier in Ch'ing History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970).Google Scholar
T'ien-ch'un, Li, ‘T'ai-pei ti-ch'ü chih k'ai-t'o yü ssu-miao The Development of the Taipei District and the Establishment of Temples),’ pp. 67–76 in T'ai-pei wen-hsien, v. 1 (1962).Google Scholar
Heng-tao, Lin, ‘T'ai-pei-shih ti ssu-miao Temples of Taipei City—an Ethnological Survey),’ pp. 53–80 in T'ai-pei wen-hsien, v. 2 (1962).Google Scholar
Ma, L. Eve Armentrout, ‘Urban Chinese at the Sinitic Frontier: Social Organizations in United States’ Chinatowns, 1849–1898,’ Modern Asian Studies v. 17, n. 1 (02 1983).Google Scholar
Morse, Hosea Ballou, The Gilds of China (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1909).Google Scholar
Myers, Ramon H., ‘Socioeconomic Change in Villages of Manchuria during the Ch'ing and Republican Periods: Some Preliminary Findings,’ pp. 591–620 in Modern Asian Studies, v. 10, n. 4 (10 1976).Google Scholar
Tadashi, Negishi, Chūgoku no girudo (Chinese Guilds) (Tokyo: Iwata Motohiko/Nihon hyōron shinsha, 1953).Google Scholar
Preston, Rev. T. J., ‘Chinese Benevolent Institutions in Theory and Practice,’ pp. 245–53 in The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, v. 38, n. 5 (05 1907).Google Scholar
Victor, Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia (London: Oxford University Press, 1965).Google Scholar
Rhoads, Edward J. M., ‘Merchant Associations in Canton, 1895–1911,’ pp. 97–117 in Elvin, Mark and Skinner, G. William (eds), The Chinese City Between Two Worlds (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974).Google Scholar
Siegelbaum, Lewis H., ‘Another “Yellow Peril”: Chinese Migrants in the Russian Far East and the Russian Reaction before 1917,’ pp. 307–30 in Modern Asian Studies, v. 12, n. 2 (04 1978).Google Scholar
Skinner, G. William, Chinese Society in Thailand: An Analytical History (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1957).Google Scholar
Skinner, G. William, ‘Introduction: Urban Social Structure in Ch'ing China,’ pp. 521–54 in Skinner, G. William (ed.), The City in Late Imperial China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977).Google Scholar
Chi-liang, Tou, T'ung-hsiang chu-chih chih yen-chiu ( , A Study of Fellow-Regional Associations) (Chungking: Cheng-chung shu-chü, 1943).Google Scholar
Shih-ch'ing, Wang, ‘Religious Organization in the History of a Taiwanese Town,’ pp. 71–92 in Wolf, Arthur P. (ed.), Religion and Ritual in Chinese Society (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974).Google Scholar
Edgar, Wickberg, The Chinese in Philippine Life, 1850–1898 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1965).Google Scholar
Wells, Williams Frederick, ‘Chinese and Medieval Gilds,’ parts 1 and 2, pp. 203–17 and pp. 275–92 in The Yale Review, v. 1 (05 1892-02 1893).Google Scholar
Willmott, William E., The Chinese in Cambodia (Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1967).Google Scholar
Willmott, William E., ‘Congregations and Associations: The Political Structure of the Chinese Community in Phnom-Pehn, Cambodia,’ pp. 282–301 in Comparative Studies in Society and History v. 2, n. 3 (06 1969).Google Scholar
Monpeng, Wou, ‘L'évolution des corporations ouvrières et commerciales dans la Chine contemporaine (Paris: Librarie orientaliste Paul Genthner, 1931).Google Scholar