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³² Taylor, ‘Hume’.

³³ ‘Petition of the natives against the Jury Act’, Asiatic Journal 27 (February 1829), pp. 213–15, p. 214.

³⁴ An Appeal to England Against the New Indian Stamp Act (London, 1828), pp. x, xiii; see Taylor, ‘Hume’, pp. 298–9.

³⁵ Cited in Ahmed, Social Ideas, pp. 3–4 n. 2.

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⁴⁴ In 1813, for instance, the Company had argued that its territorial rights could ‘be enjoyed only through the medium of commercial privileges’. Cited in Marshall, Problems of Empire, p. 226.

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⁶¹ Bentinck to Grant, 16 September 1831, in ibid., Vol. 1, pp. 692–3, p. 692.

⁶² Sir Frederick Adam to Bentinck, 15 December 1832, in ibid., Vol. 2, pp. 969–71, p. 970; Peter Auber to Bentinck, 20 April 1833, ibid., Vol. 2, pp. 1051–3, p. 1052.

⁶³ Macaulay to Hannah Macaulay, 4 July 1833, in Pinney (ed.), The Letters of Macaulay, Vol. 2, pp. 266–7, p. 267.

⁶⁴ Holt Mackenzie, 6 March 1832, in Minutes of Evidence, Parliamentary Papers (1831–2), Vol. 735–I, pp. 91–106.

⁶⁵ Cf. Stokes, English Utilitarians, p. 176.

⁶⁶ House of Commons Debate, 13 June 1833, Mirror of Parliament 3 (1833), pp. 2288–310, 2290, 2298. The Mirror of Parliament generally gave the fullest accounts of the Charter debates.

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⁷⁰ T. B. Macaulay, ‘Government of India’ (10 July 1833), in Lady Trevelyan (ed.), The Works, Vol. 8, pp. 111–42.

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⁷³ Lord Jeffrey to Lord Cockburn, 16 July 1833, in Cockburn, Life of Lord Jeffrey, 2 vols (Edinburgh, 1852), Vol. 2, pp. 259–60, p. 259; Littleton, E. J., Diary (10 July 1833), in Aspinall, Arthur (ed.), Three Early Nineteenth Century Diaries (London: Williams and Norgate, 1952), p. 346Google Scholar.

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⁷⁷ ‘Petition to the House of Commons’ and ‘Petition to the House of Lords’, in Papers Respecting the Negotiation, pp. 403–6, p. 404, and pp. 448–52, p. 449 respectively.

⁷⁸ House of Commons Debate, 15 July 1833, pp. 3007, 3008, 3009; see James Mill, 21 February 1832, in Minutes of Evidence, pp. 42–59, 47–8.

⁷⁹ ‘The India Bill’, Gyannaneshun (27 November 1833), repr. in Moitra (ed.), Selections, pp. 87–90, p. 88.

⁸⁰ Reformer (Calcutta), repr. in Bengal Hurkaru (24 December 1833).

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⁸² A Friend to Truth [pseud.] to ed., ‘Affairs of India’, Bengal Hurkaru (1 November 1833).

⁸³ Bengal Hurkaru (12 October 1833).

⁸⁴ Macaulay to Hannah Macaulay, 11 July 1833. The Mirror of Parliament did in fact print a report of Macaulay's speech, but it seems to have gone largely unnoticed. House of Commons Debate, 10 July 1833, Mirror of Parliament 3 (1833), pp. 2913–20. On Hansard and parliamentary reporting practices, see Jordan, H. Donaldson, ‘The reports of parliamentary debates, 1803–1908’, Economica 34 (1931), pp. 437–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Robson, John M., What Did He Say? Editing Nineteenth-Century Speeches from Hansard and the Newspapers (Lethbridge: University of Lethbridge Press, 1988)Google Scholar.

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⁸⁷ Bentinck to Wilson, 1 May 1834, in ibid., Vol. 2, pp. 1263–4, p. 1264.

⁸⁸ Bentinck to Peter Auber, 12 May 1834, in ibid., Vol. 2, pp. 1278–80, p. 1279. Although Bentinck's views had been consulted occasionally during the negotiations, his direct involvement had been limited.

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⁹² Bentinck, Minute (20 January 1834), pp. 75, 78, 81. There were nuances to Bentinck's position. He favoured ‘centralisation and uniformity’, but not ‘single-seatedness’, and sought greater control for the supreme government over the subordinate presidencies, but not for the governor-general over the Supreme Council. Rosselli, Bentinck, pp. 322–4.

⁹³ House of Commons Debate, 15 July 1833, p. 3007.

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⁹⁹ A Reformer [pseud.] to ed., ‘The reform dinner’, India Gazette (23 October 1832); T. [pseud.] to ed., ‘Public dinners’, India Gazette (31 October 1832).

¹⁰⁰ Bengal Hurkaru (25 October 1832).

¹⁰¹ Bentinck, Minute (14 October 1833) (emphasis added).

¹⁰² ‘The grand fete’, Calcutta Literary Gazette, repr. in Bengal Hurkaru (6 January 1834).

¹⁰³ Gode, P. K., The History of Fireworks in India Between A. D. 1400 and 1900 (Bangalore: Indian Institute of Culture, 1953)Google Scholar; Mitra, Haridas, The Fire Works and Fire Festivals in Ancient India (Calcutta: Abhedananda Academy of Culture, 1963)Google Scholar; Bhattacharya, Asitesh, ‘Gunpowder and its applications in ancient India’, in Buchanan, Brenda J. (ed.), Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History (Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate, 2006), pp. 42–51Google Scholar.

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¹¹³ ‘The grand fete’, Calcutta Literary Gazette.

¹¹⁴ Ibid., p. 133. The first motto is from Virgil (Georgics, 1.249) and translates as ‘Dawn returns from us, and brings back the day’. The second means ‘By command of the King and Parliament of England’.

¹¹⁵ Calcutta Courier (15 January 1834).

¹¹⁶ See the frontispiece to Primitiae Orientales (Calcutta, 1803), Vol. 1; and for the design of the College medals, Puddester, Robert, Commemorative and Historical Medals from 1750 to 1947 (London: Spink, 2002), pp. 16–18Google Scholar.

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¹¹⁸ For the pamphlet, see Programme of the Grand Exhibition of Fire Works in Celebration of the Charter of 1833 (Calcutta, 10 January 1834), Victoria Memorial, Kolkata, Mss. C. 413.

¹¹⁹ Calcutta Courier (15 January 1834).

¹²⁰ Englishman (Calcutta; 9 January 1834).

¹²¹ ‘The fireworks’, Bengal Hurkaru (15 January 1834).

¹²² Calcutta Courier (15 January 1834).

¹²³ Bengal Hurkaru (16 January 1834).

¹²⁴ ‘The grand and appropriate celebration of the renewal of the charter’, India Gazette (16 January 1834); Bengal Hurkaru (16 January 1834).

¹²⁵ Lost in a Fog [pseud.] to ed., ‘Tuesday night's tumasa’, 15 January 1834, Bengal Hurkaru (16 January 1834).

¹²⁶ A Native Correspondent, ‘Levee’.

¹²⁷ Bengal Hurkaru (16 January 1834).

¹²⁸ ‘Celebration’, India Gazette.

¹²⁹ Bengal Hurkaru (16 January 1834); see also India Gazette (16 January 1834).

¹³⁰ ‘Celebration of the renewal of the charter’, Asiatic Journal ns 14 (1834), p. 167.

¹³¹ A Native Correspondent, ‘Levee’.

¹³² ‘The tumasha’, Reformer, repr. in Englishman (Calcutta; 13 January 1834).

¹³³ Bengal Hurkaru (6 January 1834).

¹³⁴ India Gazette, repr. in Calcutta Courier (13 January 1834).

¹³⁵ A Believer in Revelation [pseud.] to ed., ‘The fete’, 4 January 1834, Englishman (Calcutta; 9 January 1834).

¹³⁶ ‘Tumasha’, Reformer.

¹³⁷ ‘Celebration’, India Gazette.

¹³⁸ On Shore, see Penner, Peter and MacLean, Richard Dale, ‘Introduction to Frederick John Shore’, in Penner, P. and MacLean, R. D. (eds), The Rebel Bureaucrat: Frederick John Shore (1799–1837) as Critic of William Bentinck's India (Delhi: Chanakya Publications, 1983), pp. 3–50Google Scholar; Kolff, Dirk H. A., Grass in Their Mouths: The Upper Doab of India under the Company's Magna Charta, 1793–1830 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), pp. 343–449CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³⁹ Shore, F. J., ‘On the future internal government of British India’ (March 1834), in his Notes on Indian Affairs, Vol. 1, pp. 390–408, p. 392Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁰ ‘The great programme!!! A grand irregular Alexandrine ode!’, Englishman (Calcutta; 14 January 1834).

¹⁴¹ Englishman (Calcutta; 16 January 1834).

¹⁴² Werrett, Simon, ‘Watching the fireworks: Early modern observation of natural and artificial spectacles’, Science in Context 24 (2011), pp. 167–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁴³ Ibid.; see generally Johns, Adrian, Nature and the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁴⁴ Bartolozzi Brown [pseud. Henry Whitelock Torrens] to ed., ‘The fireworks’, Meerut Observer (19 December 1833), repr. in Calcutta Courier (28 December 1833); B. Brown [pseud. H. W. Torrens] to ed., ‘The fireworks—The allegory explained’, Meerut Observer (30 January 1834), repr. in Calcutta Courier (10 February 1834). For the basis of the attribution, see Torrens, H. W., A Selection from the Writings, Prose and Poetical, of the Late Henry W. Torrens, (ed.) Hume, James, 2 vols (Calcutta, 1854), Vol. 1, pp. 3, 17Google Scholar. For a biography of Torrens, see J. Hume, ‘Introduction’, in Torrens, Writings, Vol. 1, pp. i–cxiii.

¹⁴⁵ [Torrens] to ed., ‘Allegory’.

¹⁴⁶ Salatino, Kevin, Incendiary Art: The Representation of Fireworks in Early Modern Europe (Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 1997), Vol. 3, pp. 19–21Google Scholar; Simon Werrett, ‘Picturing pyrotechnics’, Public Domain Review (25 June 2014), http://publicdomainreview.org/2014/06/25/picturing-pyrotechnics/, [accessed 23 April 2018].

¹⁴⁷ Bentinck, Minute (14 October 1833).

¹⁴⁸ R. C. C. to ed., ‘The East India Bill’, Reformer (Calcutta; 29 December 1833), repr. in Ghose, Benoy (ed.), Selections from English Periodicals of 19th Century Bengal (Calcutta: Papyrus, 1978), Vol. 1, pp. 217–18, p. 217Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁹ Shore, ‘Internal government’, Vol. 1, p. 391 n. † (emphasis added).

¹⁵⁰ [Torrens] to ed., ‘Allegory’ (emphasis added).

¹⁵¹ An Impartial Observer [pseud.] to ed., Gyannaneshun (January 1834), repr. in Moitra (ed.), Selections, pp. 135–7, pp. 135, 136.

¹⁵² A Poor Bengallee [pseud.] to ed., ‘A native's complaint’, India Gazette (17 January 1834). This correspondent wrote that he ‘would have petitioned Lord Bentinck’ directly, but had turned to the press instead, expecting his lordship to be in a temper as ‘the fireworks . . . were all so bad’.

¹⁵³ ‘Conduct of Europeans towards natives’, Bengal Hurkaru (22 January 1834).

¹⁵⁴ ‘Devil Dutchman’, Meerut Universal Magazine 1 (1835), pp. 30–33, p. 33. ‘The leading journal’ would seem to be the Bengal Hurkaru. For subscription data, see Ahmed, Social Ideas, p. 82. The Latin phrase comes from Horace (Ars Poetica, 143) and translates as ‘smoke from the flash’.

¹⁵⁵ Eden, Letters from India, Vol. 2, p. 171.

¹⁵⁶ ‘Fireworks at Calcutta in honour of Her Majesty's birthday’, Calcutta Star (31 May 1844), repr. in Friend of India (6 June 1844), p. 358; Englishman (Calcutta), cited in Ball, Charles, The History of the Indian Mutiny, 2 vols (London, 1859), Vol. 2, p. 520Google Scholar; see similarly An Idler [pseud.], Letters to Friends at Home (Calcutta, 1845), pp. 10–22; Ritchie, Gerald, The Ritchies in India (London: John Murray, 1920), pp. 140–1Google Scholar.

¹⁵⁷ Lost in a Fog, ‘Tumasa’; Jack i’ the Bush [pseud.] to ed., ‘Economy and extravagance’, Englishman (Calcutta; 21 January 1834).

¹⁵⁸ India Gazette (16 January 1834).

¹⁵⁹ ‘Lord Bentinck's foolery’, Alexander's East India Magazine 7 (1834), p. 98.

¹⁶⁰ Bentinck to Metcalfe, 4 February 1834, in Philips (ed.), The Correspondence of Bentinck, Vol. 2, pp. 1200–1.

¹⁶¹ Bentinck to G. Norton, 11 April 1834, in Barber, James, A Letter . . . on Steam-Navigation with India (London, 1837), pp. 43–8Google Scholar.

¹⁶² Bentinck to Wilson, 1 May 1834, Vol. 2, p. 1264.

¹⁶³ Bentinck, 1 June 1834, in Philips (ed.), The Correspondence of Bentinck, Vol. 2, pp. 1286–8, p. 1286; Bentinck, ‘Lord William Bentinck's reply to the Society's address’ (8 April 1835), Transactions of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India 2 (1836), pp. 210–11, p. 211.

¹⁶⁴ Metcalfe, Charles, ‘Liberation of the Indian press’, Minute (6 September 1830), in Kaye, John William, The Life and Correspondence of Charles, Lord Metcalfe, 2 vols (London, 1854), Vol. 2, pp. 254–6, pp. 255 and 256Google Scholar.

¹⁶⁵ Bentinck, Minute (15 January 1834), repr. in Calcutta Monthly Journal (May 1834), pp. 109–14, p. 113.

¹⁶⁶ India Gazette, cited in ‘Governor General's Minute’, ibid., pp. 115–24, pp. 122–3.

¹⁶⁷ Henry Whitelock Torrens, 15 September 1835, cited in Hume, Introduction, p. xvi.

¹⁶⁸ H. V., ‘What has Lord William Bentinck done for India?’, Meerut Universal 1 (1835), pp. 1–12, p. 3; see Shore, F. J., ‘A slight sketch of the administration of Lord William Bentinck’ (December 1834; ‘P. S.’, February 1835), in his Notes on Indian Affairs, Vol. 2, pp. 216–28Google Scholar. Bentinck took the charge seriously enough to explicitly disavow it in his Minute on the civil service reports: Bentinck, Minute (15 January 1834), p. 114.

¹⁶⁹ Hardwick, ‘Vestry politics’, p. 105.

¹⁷⁰ T. B. Macaulay, Minute (16 April 1835), in Dharker, C. D. (ed.), Lord Macaulay's Legislative Minutes (Madras: Oxford University Press, 1946), pp. 165–7, p. 165Google Scholar; see Clive, John, Macaulay: The Shaping of the Historian (New York: Knopf, 1973), pp. 323–33Google Scholar.

¹⁷¹ Dickens, Theodore, Report of the Meeting of the Inhabitants of Calcutta, Held at the Town Hall, on the 5th January, 1835 (Calcutta, 1835), p. 14Google Scholar.

¹⁷² Bengal Herald, repr. in ibid., p. 25.

¹⁷³ House of Commons Debate, Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, 14 July 1836, Vol. 35, pp. 189–203. Hume himself probably expected the motion to fail. See A Friend to India [pseud.], ‘Mr. Hume's resolution’, Asiatic Journal ns 21 (1836), pp. 42–7, p. 42.

¹⁷⁴ On the speeches, see Kling, Blair B., Partner in Empire: Dwarkanath Tagore and the Age of Enterprise in Eastern India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), pp. 162–5Google Scholar. On the petition signatures, see ‘The Black Act petition committee’, Calcutta Monthly Journal (July 1836), pp. 269–70b; Turton, T. E. M., Remarks on the Petition to Parliament of the Inhabitants of Bengal and Madras Against the Act No. XI of 1836 (London, 1838), p. 5Google Scholar. On this alienation, see ‘Public meeting—Saturday, June 18th, 1836’, Calcutta Monthly Journal (July 1836), pp. 255–6.

¹⁷⁵ A Lawyer [pseud.], ‘On the Local Act, No. XI. of 1836’, Bengal Hurkaru, repr. in Calcutta Monthly Journal (August 1836), pp. 231–7, p. 231; Longueville Clarke, in ‘Public meeting—1836’, pp. 258–9; see Report of a Public Meeting Held at the Town Hall, Calcutta, on the 24th November, 1838 (London, 1839), p. 42.

¹⁷⁶ Macaulay, Minute [1836], in Dharker (ed.), Legislative Minutes, pp. 175–80, p. 180; see Clive, Macaulay, pp. 333–8.

¹⁷⁷ Macaulay, Minute [1836], in Dharker (ed.), Legislative Minutes, pp. 183–97, 194.

¹⁷⁸ Wilson, Jon, ‘The silence of empire: Imperialism and India’, in Craig, David and Thompson, James (eds), Languages of Politics in Nineteenth-Century Britain (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), pp. 218–241, p. 237CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁷⁹ For the phrase, see Rothschild, Emma, ‘Arcs of ideas: International history and intellectual history’, in Budde, Gunilla, Conrad, Sebastian, and Janz, Oliver (eds), Transnationale Geschichte: Themen, Tendenzen und Theorien (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 2006), pp. 217–226, p. 221Google Scholar. See generally Bell, Duncan S. A., ‘Dissolving distance: Technology, space, and empire in British political thought, 1770–1900’, Journal of Modern History 77 (2005), pp. 523–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁸⁰ The Article on the Colonization and Commerce of British India (1829; repr. London, 1830), p. 31; see similarly Liverpool Times (13 January 1829), p. 211.

¹⁸¹ Shore, F. J., ‘The system of economy lately introduced’ (15 October 1833), in his Notes on Indian Affairs, Vol. 1, pp. 344–56, p. 345 n.Google Scholar; Shore, ‘Internal government’, Vol. 1, pp. 389–90; Rasik Krishna Mallick, in Report of the Meeting of the Inhabitants of Calcutta, 1835, p. 15.

¹⁸² Buckingham, James Silk, 17 July 1834, in Parliamentary Inquiry into the Claims of Mr. Buckingham on the East India Company (London, 1834), p. 89, see p. 52Google Scholar; Taylor, ‘Hume’, p. 302; Zastoupil, Rammohun, pp. 111–28.

¹⁸³ Macaulay, Minute [1836], in Dharker (ed.), Legislative Minutes, pp. 179–80.

¹⁸⁴ Kling, Partner in Empire, p. 158; see also pp. 46–8, 241.

¹⁸⁵ Macaulay to Selina and Frances Macaulay, 28 November 1836, in Pinney (ed.), The Letters of Macaulay, Vol. 3, pp. 197–8, p. 198.

¹⁸⁶ Eden, Letters from India, Vol. 1, pp. 215–16; see also Vol. 1, pp. 234–5.

¹⁸⁷ Auckland, cited in Sinha, D. P., Some Aspects of British Social and Administrative Policy in India During the Administration of Lord Auckland (Calcutta: Punthi Pustak, 1969), p. 313Google Scholar; Curzon, British Government in India, Vol. 1, p. 224.

¹⁸⁸ Bengal Hurkaru (30 November 1836); Mittra, Kissory Chand, Memoir of Dwarkanath Tagore (Calcutta, 1870), p. 74Google Scholar.

¹⁸⁹ Bengal Hurkaru (30 November 1836).

¹⁹⁰ Sartori, Bengal in Global Concept History, pp. 68–108; Chatterjee, Partha, ‘An equal right to the city: Contests over cultural space in Calcutta’, in Kaarsholm, Preben and Hofmeyr, Isabel (eds), The Popular and the Public: Cultural Debates and Struggles Over Public Spaces in Modern India, Africa and Europe (Calcutta: Seagull Books, 2009), pp. 263–83Google Scholar; Chatterjee, P. ‘The curious case of liberalism in India’, Modern Intellectual History 8 (2011), pp. 687–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Chatterjee, Black Hole, pp. 155–8; see also Bose, Neilesh, ‘The cannibalized career of liberalism in colonial India’, Modern Intellectual History 12 (2015), pp. 475–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar. These interpretations clash, notably, with that of Bayly, Recovering Liberties.

¹⁹¹ For the phrase, see Chakrabarty, Dipesh, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), pp. 8–11Google Scholar (apparently paraphrasing Müller, Heiner, ‘The walls of history’, Semiotext(e) 4 (1982), pp. 36–76, p. 39Google Scholar.