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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 May 2025
1 Sheldon Pollock, Homi K. Bhabha, Carol A. Breckenridge and Dipesh Chakrabarty, ‘Cosmopolitanisms’, Public Culture, vol. 12, no. 3, 2000, pp. 577–589.
2 Gerard Delanty, ‘Not all is lost in translation: World varieties of cosmopolitanism’, Cultural Sociology, vol. 8, 2014, pp. 374–391; Nandy Ashis, The intimate enemy: Loss and recovery of self under colonialism (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998).
3 The Stoics spoke of this indifference to ethnic or religious affiliation. See Tamara Chin, ‘What is imperial cosmopolitanism? Revisiting kosmopolitēs and mundanus’, in Cosmopolitanism and empire: Universal rulers, local elites, and cultural integration in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, (eds) Myles Lavan, Richard E. Payne and John Weisweiler (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 143.
4 Kwame Anthony Appiah, The ethics of identity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), p. 221.
5 Bruce Robbins, ‘Cosmopolitanism, new and newer: Anthony Appiah’, in Perpetual war: Cosmopolitanism from the viewpoint of violence, (ed.) Bruce Robbins (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012), pp. 31–45.
6 Ibid., p. 45.
7 Ibid.
8 Ulrich Beck, Risk society: Toward a new modernity (London: Sage Publications, 1992).
9 Ulrich Beck, The cosmopolitan vision (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006).
10 Craig Calhoun, Peter Beilharz and Nikos Papastergiadis, Is there anything left after global spectacles and local events? Craig Calhoun in conversation with Peter Beilharz and Nikos Papastergiadis (Melbourne: RUPC pamphlets, 2017). See also Craig Calhoun, ‘The class consciousness of frequent travelers: Toward a critique of actually existing cosmopolitanism’, The South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 101, no. 4, 2002, pp. 869–897.
11 Delanty, ‘Not all is lost in translation’, p. 385.
12 Chin, ‘What is imperial cosmopolitanism?’, p. 148.
13 Ibid., p. 148.
14 The titles of the conference from which this special issue is derived invoke this juxtaposition: in English, ‘Cosmopolitan pasts of China and the Eurasian world’; in Chinese, 中國之於歐亞的世界性.
15 Eduardo Mendieta, ‘From imperial to dialogical cosmopolitanism’, Ethics and Global Politics, vol. 2, no. 3, 2009, p. 251; Delanty, ‘Not all is lost in translation’.
16 Notable figures include Martha Nussbaum, Kwame Anthony Appiah, David Held, and Amartya Sen.
17 Petrarch (1304–1374). Theodore E. Mommsen, ‘Petrarch’s conception of the “Dark Ages”’, Speculum, vol. 17, no. 2, April 1942, pp. 226–242.
18 Mendieta, ‘From imperial to dialogical cosmopolitanism’; David Harvey, ‘Cosmopolitanism and the banality of geographical evils’, Public Culture, vol. 12, pp. 529–564; David Harvey, Cosmopolitanism and the geographies of freedom (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009); Katharyne Mitchell, ‘Geographies of identity: The intimate cosmopolitan’, Progress in Human Geography, vol. 31, no. 5, 2007, pp. 706–720.
19 Beth E. Notar, ‘Producing cosmopolitanism at the borderlands: Lonely planeteers and “local” cosmopolitans in Southwest China’, Anthropological Quarterly, vol. 81, no. 3, 2008, pp. 615–650.
20 Suzanne L. Marchand, German Orientalism in the age of empire: Religion, race and scholarship (Washington, DC: German Historical Institute; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
21 Georg Cavallar, ‘Educating Émile: Jean-Jacques Rousseau on cosmopolitanism’, The European Legacy, vol. 17, no. 4, 2012, pp. 485–499.
22 Delanty, ‘Not all is lost in translation’, p. 382; Rui Hua, ‘The cheese, the worm, and the law: Grassroots legal cosmopolitanism in the Manchurian borderland, 1906–1927’; Shao-yun Yang, ‘Tang “cosmopolitanism”: Towards a critical and holistic approach’.
23 Delanty, ‘Not all is lost in translation’, p. 378. Cf. Shuchen Xiang’s work, discussed below.
24 Shuchen Xiang, Chinese cosmopolitanism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2023), Chapters 4–6.
25 Mendieta, ‘From imperial to dialogical cosmopolitanism’, p. 242.
26 Calhoun, ‘The class consciousness of frequent travelers’; Mitchell, ‘Geographies of identity’, p. 708.
27 Leigh T. I . Penman, The lost history of cosmopolitanism: The early modern origins of the intellectual ideal (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2021), pp. 3–5.
28 Mitchell, ‘Geographies of identity’.
29 Walter Mignolo, ‘The many faces of cosmo-polis: Border thinking and critical cosmopolitanism’, Public Culture, vol. 12, no. 3, 2001, pp. 721–748; Minhao Zeng, ‘Subaltern cosmopolitanism: Concept and approaches’, The Sociological Review, vol. 62, no. 1, 2014, pp. 137–148; Gopalan Balachandran, ‘Subaltern cosmopolitanism, racial governance and multiculturalism: Britain, c. 1900–45’, Social History, vol. 39, no. 4, 2014, pp. 528–546; Mitchell, ‘Geographies of identity’; Ulf Hannerz, Two faces of cosmopolitanism: Culture and politics (Barcelona: CIDOB, 2006); Óscar Garcia Agustín, ‘Dialogic cosmopolitanism and the new wave of movements: From local rupture to global openness’, Globalizations, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 700–713; Homi K. Bhabha, ‘Unsatisfied: Notes on vernacular cosmopolitanism’, in Text and Nation, (eds) Laura Garcia-Morena and Peter C. Pfeifer (London: Camden House, 1996), pp. 191–207; Pnina Werbner, ‘Global pathways: Working class cosmopolitans and the creation of transnational ethnic worlds’, Social Anthropology, vol. 7, no. 1, 1999, pp. 17–35; Mendieta, ‘From imperial to dialogical cosmopolitanism’.
30 Johan Elverskog, ‘China and the new cosmopolitanism’, Sino-Platonic Papers, no. 233, February 2013, pp. 1–30. The conference, organized by Hu Minghui, was held at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in 2012. See also the proceedings volume: Minghui Hu and Johan Elverskog (eds), Cosmopolitanism in China, 1600–1950. Cambria Sinophone World Series (Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2016).
31 The four-day conference was held across two weeks, on 11, 12, 18, and 19 June 2021.
32 Practices the discourse has examined include physical and cultural mobility, learning, and critical dialogue. See, for example, Hannerz, Two faces of cosmopolitanism; Delanty, ‘Not all is lost in translation’; Gerard Delanty, ‘The idea of critical cosmopolitanism’, in Routledge handbook of cosmopolitanism studies, (ed.) G. Delanty (London: Routledge, 2012), Chapter 3, for discussions of these practices. Papastergiadis has also suggested that the mediation ‘between different systems and the existence of institutions’ can be used to realize collective cultural practices in cosmopolitical ventures: Nikos Papastergiadis, ‘From cosmopolis to cosmopolitan spaces. Urban village’, e-flux architecture, 2018; available at: https://www.e-flux.com/architecture/urban-village/169806/from-cosmopolis-to-cosmopolitan-spaces/, [accessed 15 October 2024].
33 Suggestions included ‘becoming’, ‘hybridity’, ‘melting pot’, ‘pluralism’ for synonyms, and ‘parochialism’, ‘isolationism’, ‘nationalism’, ‘ethnocentricity’ for antonyms.
34 Calhoun suggested that ‘the role of cosmopolitan thinking is to articulate a variety of ideals which depend on something beyond cosmopolitanism for their delivery mechanism’, which captures our approach and objective here. See Calhoun et al., Is there anything left after global spectacles and local events?.
35 Papastergiadis, ‘From cosmopolis to cosmopolitan spaces’.
36 Xiang, Chinese cosmopolitanism.
37 See Chin, ‘What is imperial cosmopolitanism?’ for discussion of the Classicist tianxia as ‘cultural cosmopolitanism’.
38 Arguably, the tianxia Zhou intellects envisioned was a top-down cosmopolitanism since it was ‘transnational’ but not ‘counter-hegemonic’, which is a defining characteristic of bottom-up subaltern cosmopolitanism, according to Mitchell, ‘Geographies of identity’, p. 709. Compare also with Pollock et al., ‘Cosmopolitanisms’ for discussion of the relation between nationhood and cosmopolitanism in the context of modernity.
39 See also Chin, ‘What is imperial cosmopolitanism?’ for discussion of the Han tianxia envisioned by cosmopolitan qingzhong strategies.
40 Homi K. Bhabha, The location of culture (London: Routledge, 2004).
41 Hannerz, Two faces of cosmopolitanism; Pollock et al. ‘Cosmopolitanisms’; Yi-Fu Tuan, Cosmos and hearth: A cosmopolite’s viewpoint (Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 1999).
42 Mitchell, ‘Geographies of identity’, p. 713.
43 Leo Ou-fan Lee, Shanghai modern: The flowering of a new urban culture in China, 1930–1945 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).