I am indebted to the staff of the diplomatic archives of the Quai d'Orsay, Paris, for their generous, good-humored, and kind assistance during my extended working visits there in the Summer of 1986 and again in the Winter of 1987.

¹ Annuaire Diplomatique de l'Empire Français, 1864 (Paris, 1864).Google Scholar

² The Consulates were located in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tientsin, Canton, and Hankow. Shanghai was the largest with a Consul-General, two diplomats, and a translator.Google Scholar

³ M. Berthemy served in this capacity until he was replaced in 1867 by M. Lallemand. Under him 5 junior diplomats, including an attaché and a secretary-translator, operated the French legation.Google Scholar

⁴ Consular Agencies, headed by vice-consuls, operated in Macao, Fu-chou, Ning-po and Amoy.Google Scholar

⁵ According to the Diplomatic Manual of 1880, a Consul General made F 6,000, a Consul F 4,000, and a Vice-Consul only F 2,000.Google Scholar

⁶ De Lhuys, a former senator and a member of the Academies des Sciences Morales et Politiques, served as a Foreign Minister four terms: 1848–1849, briefly in 1851, and again in 1852; and finally from October 15, 1862 until September 1, 1866.Google Scholar

⁷ Thouvenel served at the Ministry 1860–1862. He served as Ambassador in Constantinople, until he replaced Count Walewski, January 4, 1860. See Ch., Pouthas, Démocraties et Capitalisme, Peuples et Civilizations, XVI, Presses Universitaires de France (Paris, 1961), pp. 588–9.Google Scholar

⁸ Count Colonna Walewski, a senator from 1855 to 1860, was appointed to the Ministry in 1858 and replaced in 1860 due to his diplomatic failures in Italy; see ibid.

⁹ Among his published works: Le Mahométisme en Chine et dans le Turkestan Oriental, 2 vols (Paris, Leroux 1878);Google Scholar‘Le présent et l' avenir du Mehometisme en Chine’, Revue Geographique, no. 1811, 10 1877, pp. 305–7;Google Scholar and ‘De L' Insurrection du Mahométisme dans la Chine occidentale’, Journal Asiatique, Ser. vol. VIII, 1874, pp. 17–45.Google Scholar

¹⁰ See the French Foreign-Ministry's Correspondence Commerciale—Hankeou (hereafter CCHK) vol. I, 1863–1875, p. 3b.Google Scholar

¹¹ Ibid.

¹² Ibid., p. 4.

¹³ Ibid.

¹⁴ Ibid.

¹⁵ Ibid., p. 11.

¹⁶ In the beginning of 1858 the British Consul in Canton, Harry Parkes, backed by the French, headed an expeditionary force which seized Canton and exiled the Governor General of Liang Kuan, Yeh Ming-Ch'en, to Calcutta. The Tientsin Treaty of June 1858 which secured the Anglo-French the right of their ministers to reside in Peking, was not to be ratified until 1860, after the joint expeditionary force of these two powers had destroyed the Imperial Summer Palace, Trenqualye's decision to join his colleagues in the move to Honam was at the height of the Sino-Western hostility which preceded the Tientsin and Peking settlements.Google Scholar

¹⁷ See the French Ministry's Correspondence Consulaire—Chine—1858–1869: Consulats Divers (hereafter CCCCD), vol. I, pp. 2–4.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Ibid., pp. 6–7.

¹⁹ Ibid.

²⁰ Ibid., pp. 7ff.

²¹ Ibid., pp. 16–17.

²² Ibid., p. 17.

²³ Ibid., p. 21.

²⁴ Ibid., p. 60.

²⁵ Ibid., p. 21.

²⁶ Ibid.

²⁷ Trenqualye to Foreign Office, August 6, 1858.Google Scholar

²⁸The complete wording of the tract was published in Friends of China, Hong Kong, 07 13, 1858.Google Scholar

²⁹ CCCCD, Report from Trenqualye to the Minister, July 9, 1859, p. 56.Google Scholar

³⁰ The usage of local Chinese terms is recurrent in French Consular reports.Google Scholar

³¹ CCHK, vol. I, p. 10.Google Scholar

³² Dabry used this English term which was specific to designate colonial warehouses in India and other parts of Asia.Google Scholar

³³ Ibid., p. 12b.

³⁴ Ibid.

³⁵ Ibid., pp. 113–113b.

³⁶ Ibid., p. 114.

³⁷ Ibid.

³⁸ Ibid., p. 115.

³⁹ Ibid., p. 116.

⁴⁰ Ibid., pp. 117–20.

⁴¹ Trenqualye to Paris, October 5, 1862, CCCCD, pp. 68ff.Google Scholar

⁴² Trenqualye to Paris, March 22, 1886; CCCCD, p. 72.Google Scholar

⁴³ The full petition read as follows: The Soldiers Anecit, Menet, and Baron.

Sixteen barbarian soldiers, including one sergeant, were ordered by their Superiors to come here to train the troops of the Eight Banners in handling barbarian weapons…The salary of 7.5 piastres allocated to each of us is too meagre. The barbarian soldiers do not know in fact the amount of salary that your Authority have agreed to pay them monthly, and they hope that you would see to it that they actually receive the full sum allocated to them by your Eminence. The British have been here for 8 months now and the results they have achieved are inferior to those already achieved by us, humble plaintiffs, in a relatively short time. This means that the barbarian soldiers are performing their duty with zeal. In Shanghai, a sum of 25 piastres is usually allocated monthly to every [foreign] instructor. They would like to hope that the Governor General would respond to their request. See CCCCD, pp. 104–5.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Ibid., pp. 90–3.

⁴⁵ Devrait ‘Prendre l'avis du Consul, ’ in the original text.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Memorandum by Trenqualye to the Commander of the French Naval Station, Shanghai. CCCCD, pp. 94ff.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Ibid.

⁴⁸ Ibid., pp. 105–6.

⁴⁹ E.g. see his letters to the Minister in Paris, of July 1, 1863, and October 29, 1863, in CCHK, vol. I, pp. 61–5 and 83–5, respectively.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Dabry to the Foreign Ministry, February 2, 1863, CCHK, vol. I, p. 10.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Ibid., pp. 14–15.

⁵² Ibid., pp. 16–17.

⁵³ The title was crossed off in pencil from Dabry's report presumably by someone at the Quai d' Orsay who was reluctant to give Chinese officials their due respect.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ This passage too was struck off with a pencil.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ CCHK, p. 17.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Ibid.

⁵⁷ Ibid., p. 18.

⁵⁸ Ibid., p. 19.

⁵⁹ Ibid., p. 21.

⁶⁰ Ibid., pp. 23–5.

⁶¹ From Dabry to the Foreign Minister, July 1, 1863, CCHK, pp. 57–60.Google Scholar

⁶² Ibid., pp. 82–4.

⁶³ Daily Shipping and Commercial News, Shanghai, 10 30, 1863.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Correspondence Diplomatique—Consulats Divers—1858–69, Hankow 1863–1869 (hereafter CDCDHK), p. 202.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Ibid., pp. 211–12.

⁶⁶ Ibid., pp. 211–13.

⁶⁷ Dabry to the Foreign Minister, December 14, 1865, Ibid., pp. 238–41.

⁶⁸ Ibid., pp. 241–3. In pp. 245–54, there are copies of the letters of protest that Dabry lodged with the Viceroy and the Taotai.