Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T07:27:48.254Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Chinese Revenue Farms and Borders in Southeast Asia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2009

CARL A. TROCKI
CARL A. TROCKI*
Affiliation:
School of Humanities and Human Services, Queensland University of Technology, Carseldine campus, Beams Road, Carseldine QLD 4034, Australia Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article examines the role of Chinese revenue farmers in defining the borders of the various colonial territories and the states of Southeast Asia during the nineteenth century. Their significance has largely been neglected in writing on the formation of state boundaries. Nicholas Tarling notes, ‘Between the late eighteenth and the early twentieth almost all southeast Asia was divided into colonies or protectorates held by the Western powers, and new boundaries were drawn with the object of avoiding conflict among them’ (Tarling, 2001:44). This paper argues that Chinese revenue farmers were of considerable significance in giving substance to the formalistic pronouncements of remote diplomats and statesmen.

Type
Research Article
Information
Modern Asian Studies , Volume 43 , Issue 1 , January 2009 , pp. 335 - 362
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aeusrivongse, N. (1986) Thai Politics in the Reign of King Taksin (in Thai, Kanmuang thai samai phrachao krung thonburi), Sinlapawatthanatham Publishing, Bangkok.Google Scholar
Ali Haji ibn Ahmad, R. (1982) The Precious Gift (Tuhfat al-Nafis), Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur.Google Scholar
Anderson, B. (1990) In Language and Power: Exploring Political Cultures in Indonesia, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, pp. 17–77.Google Scholar
Chaowatratanawong, S. (1997) In History, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, p. 263.Google Scholar
Chen, C. H. (1977) In Seventh International Association of Historians of Asia Conference, Vol. 2, Chulalongkorn University Press, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 1534–1575.Google Scholar
“Consul de France a. Hong Kong to Gouvernor de Cochinchine,” 28 Sept. 1879, achive Outre-Mer, Gov. Gem. Indo-Chine, 14.058.Google Scholar
Cooke, N. and Li, T. (Eds.) (2004) Water Frontier: Commerce and the Chinese in the Lower Mekong Region 1750–1880, Rowan and Littlefield and Singapore University Press, Singapore.Google Scholar
Cushman, R. (1996) The Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya, The Siam Society, Bangkok.Google Scholar
Descours-Gatin, C. (1992) Quand L'Opium Financait La Colonisation en Indochine: L'élaboration de la régie générale de l'opium (1860–1914), Editions L'Hartmann (Ouvrage publié avec le concours du Centre National des Lettres), Paris.Google Scholar
Dumarest, J. (1938) In La Faculté de Droit, L'Université de Lyon, Lyon, pp. 1, 6–155, 243–254.Google Scholar
Futrakul, P. (1989) Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, pp. xv, 424.Google Scholar
Hamilton, A. (1739) A New Account of the East-Indies Being the Observations and Remarks of Capt. Alexander Hamilton who Resided in those Parts From the Year 1688 to 23 Trading and Treveling by Sea and Land, to most of the Countries and Islands of Commerce and Navigation, between the Cape of Good-Hope and the Island of Japan, A. Bettesworth and C. Hitch, London.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, M. (1975) The Voyages of Mohamed Ibrahim Munshi, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur.Google Scholar
Kathirithamby-Wells, J. and Villiers, J. (Eds.) (1990) The Southeast Asian Port and Polity: Rise and Demise, Singapore University Press, Singapore.Google Scholar
Klemp, E., Wightman, A. and Wightman, A. (1989) Asien auf Karten von der Antike bis zur Mitte des 19 Jahrhunderts = Asia in Maps from Ancient Times to the mid-19th century, herausgegeben und erlautert von Egon Klemp; [translated from the German by Alison and Alistair Wightman], VCH (Acta Humaniora), Weinheim, Germany.Google Scholar
Mantienne, F. (2003) Les relations politiques et commerciales entre la France et la péninsule Indochinoise (XVIIIe siècle), Les Indes Savantes, Paris.Google Scholar
Moura, J. “Letter from Jean Moura to Governor of Cochinchina”, 6 April 1871 Centre des Archives d'Outre-Mer, Phnom Penh, Dossier 10763.Google Scholar
Reid, A. (1988) Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450–1680, The Lands Below the Winds, Yale University Press, New Haven and London.Google Scholar
Rungswasdisab, P. (2004) In Cooke, N. and Li, T. (Eds.), Water Frontier: Commerce and the Chinese in the Lower Mekong Region, 1750–1880 Singapore University Press and Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Singapore, pp. 101–118.Google Scholar
Rush, J. R. (1990) Opium to Java:Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1800–1910, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Sakurai, Y. (2004) In Cooke, N. and Tana, L. (Eds.), Water Frontier. Commerce and the Chinese in the Lower Mekong Region, c.1750–1880 Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. and Singapore University Press, Singapore, pp. 35–52.Google Scholar
Tagliacozzo, E. (2005) Secret Traders, Peorous Borders: Smuggling and States along a Southeast Asian Frontier, 1865–1915, New Haven, CT.Google Scholar
Tambiah, S. J. (1976) World Conqueror and World Renouncer: A Study of Buddhism and Polity in Thailand against a Historical Background, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarling, N. (2001) Southeast Asia: A Modern History, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York.Google Scholar
Trocki, C. A. (1979) Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885, Singapore University Press, Singapore.Google Scholar
Trocki, C. A. (1990) Opium and Empire: Chinese Society in Colonial Singapore 1800–1910, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.Google Scholar
Trocki, C. A. (1993) In Dick, J. B. H. (Ed.), The Rise and Fall of Revenue Farming: Business Elites and the Emergence of the Modern State in Southeast Asia, St. Martin's Press, New York and London, pp. 166–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trocki, C. A. (1999) Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy: A Study of the Asian Opium Trade, 1750–1950, Routledge, New York and London.Google Scholar
Tuck, P. (1995) The French Wolf and the Siamese Lamb: The French Threat to Siamese Independence, 1858–1907, White Lotus, Bangkok.Google Scholar
Van Dyke, P. A. (2005) The Canton Trade: Life and Enterprise on the China Coast, 1700–1845, Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Warren, J. F. (1981) The Sulu Zone, 1768–1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State, Singapore University Press, Singapore.Google Scholar
Winichakul, T. (1994) Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.Google Scholar
Wolters, O. W. (1999) History, Culture, and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives, Southeast Asia Program Publications, Cornell University in cooperation with the Institute for Southeast Asian Studies, Ithaca, NY and Singapore.CrossRefGoogle Scholar