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Bureaucratic Capital and Chou Hsüeh-hsi in Late Ch'ing China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

Wellington K. K. Chan
Wellington K. K. Chan
Affiliation:
Occidental College, Los Angeles
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Extract

Bureaucratic capital—that is, capital accumulated through public office, or state revenue diverted by individual officials for capital investment— has had a long history in China since early Han times. This paper is concerned with the development of bureaucratic capital for ‘modern’ industry during the last forty years of the Ch'ing dynasty.

Type
Articles
Information
Modern Asian Studies , Volume 11 , Issue 3 , July 1977 , pp. 427 - 439
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1977

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References

1 The term ‘modern’ is used broadly throughout this paper to include all enterprises whose organizational structure, mode of production or nature of business followed some Western model. They also appeared to subscribe, at least on paper, to a rationalization of business practices; and practically all the modern industrial enterprises used some form of power-driven machinery for their operation.Google Scholar

2 For a study of this complex economic phenomenon, see Ching-yü, Wang (comp.). Chung-kuo chin-tai kung-yeh shih tzu-liao, ti-erh-chi 1895–1914 nien (Source materials on the history of modern industry in China, 2nd coll. 1895–1914) (Peking, 1957), II: 1011–15 (hereafter as KYSTL-II).Google Scholar

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5 For a detailed study of these three companies, see Feuerwerker, Albert, China's Early Industrialization: Sheng Hsuan-huai (1844–1916) and Mandarin Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass., 1958);CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Carlson, Ellsworth C., The Kaiping Mines, 1877–1912 (Cambridge, Mass., 1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6 Feuerwerker, , Early Industrialization, pp. 124–6.Google Scholar

7 Ibid., pp. 127–8.

8 Ibid., p. 212; Carlson, , Kaiping Mines, pp. 35–9.Google Scholar

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11 Yang-wu yün-tung (The ‘foreign affairs’ movement), comp. Chung-kuo shih-hsüeh hui (The society for Chinese historical studies) (Shanghai, 1961), 7:169–98.Google Scholar

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13 Yü-tang, Sun, Chung-kuo chin-tai kung-yeh, II, 936–48.Google Scholar

14 For a fuller account, see the revised version of Chan, Wellington K. K., Merchants, Mandarins and Modern Enterprise in Late Ch'ing China (Cambridge, Mass., 1977), pp. 89–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar A recent compilation of the company archives is Heng-feng sha-chang tifa-sheng, fa-chan yu kai-tsao (The establishment, development and reform of the Heng-feng Spinning Mill) (Shanghai, 1958), esp. pp. 1–12.Google Scholar Other sources are Chi-fen, Nieh Tseng, Ch'ung-te lao-jen pa-shih-tzu-ti ngnien-p'u (Chronological autobiography of Ch'ung-te lao-jen at eighty years of age) (Shanghai, 1933), 17:22b–23;Google Scholar and Chung-p'ing, Yen, Chung-kuo mien-fang-chih shih-kao, 1289–1937 (Draft history of the Chinese cotton industry, 1289–1937) (Peking, 1955), pp. 139–40, 328.Google Scholar

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18 KYSTL-II, II, 1046–7.Google Scholar

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20 Carlson, , The Kaiping Mines, pp. 107–17;Google ScholarShu-chen, Chou, Pieh-chuan, pp. 33–40;Google ScholarPei-yang kung-tu lei-tsuan hsu-pien (A continuation of the categorized collection of official documents from the commissioner of trade for the northern ports), ed. Hou-tz'u, Kan (n.p., 1910), 19:29–31 (hereafter as PYKTHP).Google Scholar

21 PYKTHP, 19:39.Google Scholar

22 Ibid. Carlson, in The Kaiping Mines (p. 113), errs in thinking that the requirements were 50 and 500 shares respectively. Art. 5 of the company regulations gives the figures 50 and 500, but they refer to ling-ku or fractional shares, each of which was 1/10 (or 10 taels) of the full share. See PYKTHP, 19:38b.

23 On biographical details, see Feuerwerker, Albert, ‘Industrial Enterprise in Twentieth Century China: The Chee Hsin Cement Company,’ in his, et. al. (eds), Approaches to Modern Chinese History (Berkeley, 1967), pp. 334–5;Google Scholar and Chan, , Merchants, Mandarins and Modern Enterprise, pp. 113–14.Google Scholar

24 The primary source on Chee Hsin is the compilation of the company archives, Ch'i-hsin yang-hui kung-ssu shih-liao (Historical materials on the Chee Hsin Cement Company) (Peking, 1963), and PYKTHP, Ch. 19. A recent study is by A. Feuerwerker, ‘Industrial Enterprise in Twentieth Century China’.Google Scholar

25 Boorman, (ed.), Biographical Dictionary, I, 412.Google Scholar

26 Tse-tung, Mao, Selected Works (London, 1954), IV, 261.Google Scholar

27 KYSTL-II, I, 474.Google Scholar

28 Han-sheng, Ch'uan, ‘Ch'ing-mo Han-yang t'ieh-chang’ (The Hanyang Ironworks during the late Ch'ing), in She-hui k'o-hsüeh lun-ts'ung (Collected studies on the social sciences), I:16 (04 1950).Google Scholar

29 PYKTHP, 19:51b–52b.Google Scholar

30 Ch'i-hsin yang-hui kung-ssu, pp. 90–1, 93–6.Google Scholar