¹ Feith, H., The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia, Ithaca, 1962, pp. xi–xii.Google Scholar

² Needless to say, this comment does not in any way detract from Feith's, H. work or its merit as a piece of outstanding scholarship.Google Scholar

³ Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, Sutan Sjahrir and numerous other nationalists were arrested by the Dutch police for their anti-colonialist activities and exiled to remote fringes of the Indonesian archipelago.Google Scholar

⁴ Ratu Adil or Just Prince is the Javanese Mahdi. According to popular myths, revived in the twentieth century, a Messiah will arise and relieve the people of their suffering.Google Scholar Sukarno's subtle attempt to use these traditional beliefs to his personal advantage is discussed in Dahm, B., Sukarno and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, Cornell UP, Ithaca and London, 1969.Google Scholar

⁵ Walker, M. P., Indonesian Elections and Party Development, 1954–1955, unpublished M.A. thesis, Berkeley, 1957, p. 32.Google Scholar

⁶ Ibid., p. 32.

⁷ Ibid., p. 35; Feith, Decline, p. 273.

⁸ Ibid., pp. 58 ff.

⁹ Walker, , op cit., p. 26.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Feith, H., The Wilopo Cabinet, 1952–1953: A Turning Point in Post-Revolutionary Indonesia, Cornell Monograph, 1958, pp. 103 ff. For the view of a participant,Google Scholar seeNasution, A. H., Sedjarah Perdjuangan Nasional dibidang Bersendjata, Djakarta, 1966, pp. 167–9. Nasution is apologetic for his role in this show of strength but he insists that only a third of the nominees in Parliament were republicans, the remaining two-thirds being delegates from the former federal states sponsored by H. van Mook.Google Scholar

¹¹ Walker, , op. cit., p. 39.Google Scholar

¹² Ibid., pp. 40 ff.

¹³ A table of the registered voters by province and district prepared by Soelaeman Soemardi of the Institute for Social Research, Djakarta is reproduced as an appendix in Wertheim, W. F., Indonesian Society in Transition, The Hague, 2nd ed., 1964.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Walker, , op. cit., p. 69.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Feith, H., The Indonesian Elections of 1955, Cornell Monograph, 1957, pp. 10 ff.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Feith, , Elections, pp. 45–8;Google ScholarMarle, A. Van, The First Indonesian Parliamentary Elections, Indonesie, ix, 1956, p. 257.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Feith, , Decline, p. 429.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Walker, , op. cit., p. 79.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Feith, , Decline, pp. 576 ff.Google Scholar

²⁰ Kahin, G. M. (ed.), Major Governments of Asia, Ithaca, 2nd ed., 1963, pp. 623–35.Google Scholar

²¹ Cited in Pauker, E., The failure of a democratic experiment: Indonesia, 1955–1958, unpublished M.A. thesis, Berkeley, 1962, p. 54.Google Scholar

²² Sukarno, , Dari Proklamasi sampai Gesuri (A Collection of Speeches on Independence Day), Djakarta, n.d., p. 329.Google Scholar

²³ Sukarno's concept of ‘Guided Democracy’ was partly influenced by what he saw in China in 1956. Later he reported at a Bandung meeting that he saw four groups in China—intelligentsia, peasantry, proletariat and national bourgeoisie— working together in harmony and unity. That was why China had been making amazing strides in construction.

‘The condition of our political party system at present is a bankrupt condition, an unhealthy condition. We must change it in the way I saw in the Chinese People's Republic. I have repeatedly said that the democracy I would like in Indonesia is not the liberal democracy of Western Europe, but a guided democracy—guided, though still a democracy.’ New China News Agency, 12 November 1956 and Observer Foreign News Service, 13 November 1956.

²⁴ For information on the Indonesian parties, refer Kahin, G. M., Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia, Ithaca, 1952, pp. 304–31; Feith, Decline, pp. 122–45;Google ScholarSoedjatmoko, , ‘The role of political parties in Indonesia’ in Thayer, P. W. (ed.), Nationalism and Progress in Free Asia, Baltimore, 1956Google ScholarKees, B., ‘Observations on the political situation in Indonesia’ in Vlekke, B. H. M. (ed.), Indonesia in 1956: Political and Economic Aspects, The Hague, 1957.Google Scholar

²⁵ Dawn, 24 September 1955.Google Scholar

²⁶ Feith, , Wilopo, p. 145.Google Scholar

²⁷ Ibid., pp. 44 ff.

²⁸ Ibid., p. 158.

²⁹ Feith, , Decline, pp. 424 ff.Google Scholar

³⁰ Feith, , Wilopo, p. 145.Google Scholar

³¹ Harian Rakjat report cited by NCNA, 8 March 1956.Google Scholar

³² Feith, , Decline, pp. 468–9.Google Scholar

³³ NCNA, 29 March 1956.Google Scholar

³⁴ NCNA, 21 November 1956.Google Scholar

³⁵ Feith, , Decline, pp. 394 ff.Google Scholar

³⁶ Ibid., pp. 414–61, passim.

³⁷ Ibid., pp. 462–81, passim.

³⁸ The results are given in Feith, , Elections, p. 65.Google Scholar

³⁹ Calculated from figures provided by Feith, in Elections, pp. 66–7.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ A perceptive and sympathetic discussion of the Indonesian army's problems is offered by Pauker, G. J., ‘The Role of the Military in Indonesia’ in Johnson, J. J. (ed.), The Role of the Military in underdeveloped countries, Princeton, 1962.Google Scholar On the military revolts in 1956 and 1957, see van der Kroef, J. M., ‘The Place of the Army in Indonesian Politics’, Eastern World, 01 1957; ‘Instability in Indonesia’, Far Eastern Survey, April 1957 and ‘Guided Democracy’ in Indonesia, Far Eastern Survey, August 1957;Google ScholarVlekke, B. H. M. (ed.) Indonesia's Struggle, 1957–8, The Hague, 1959;Google ScholarPauker, E., Failure, pp. 67 ff and Feith, Decline, pp. 487 ff.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Cited in Pauker, E., Failure, p. 114. A New York Times report said on 25 December 1956 that from January to September 1958, 71% of the country's foreign exchange was earned by Sumatra. For a useful discussion of the economic relations between the outer islands and Djakarta, see Fryer, D. W., ‘Economic Aspects of Indonesian Disunity’, Pacific Affairs, September 1957.Google Scholar

⁴² A detailed study of the North Sumatran situation in 1956 and 1957 has been made by Smail. See Smail, J. R. W., ‘The Military Politics of North Sumatra: December 1956–October 1957’, Indonesia, October 1968.Google Scholar

⁴³ Lt.-Col. Saleh Lahade, a co-signer of the Piagram Perdjuangan Semesta alleged that since independence, no improvements had been made. ‘The regional people…continue to live in deplorable conditions and poverty. Development is lagging, the economy stagnated, mosques, schools, barracks are in ruin and are not repaired because there is no money; if asked from the central government it is not granted; there is no money it was said, but funds are available for the construction of big buildings in Djakarta, for receptions and travelling abroad.’ Cited in Pauker, E., Failure, p. 68.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Dawn, 29 December 1956.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Times, 29 December 1956.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ This decision of the Central Committee was reportedly opposed by the party's Djakarta branch, NCNA, 31 December 1956.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Dawn, 20 February 1957.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ NCNA, 22 January 1957.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ NCNA, 14 February 1957.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ NCNA, 18 March 1957. Aidit was reported to have even told Suwirjo that PKI would not oppose one or two Masjumi ministers if they were ‘genuine experts’. NCNA. 1 April 1957.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Sakarno said on 30 July 1957: ‘I also want to head a cabinet, but it must be a gotong royong cabinet’ Cited in Pauker, E., Failure, p. 87.Google Scholar

⁵² NCNA, 5 April 1957.Google Scholar

⁵³ On the transition to ‘guided democracy’, see Lev, D. S., The Transition to Guided Democracy: Indonesian Politics, 1957–1959, Cornell Monograph, 1966.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ on the PRRI rebellion, see van der Kroef, J. M., ‘Disunited Indonesia I & II’, Far Eastern Survey, April & May 1958;Google ScholarKoppelman, E., Revolution in Indonesia, 1958–1961, unpublished M.A. thesis, Berkeley, 1965Google ScholarFeith, H. & Lev, D. S., ‘The end of the Indonesian rebellion’, Pacific Affairs, Spring 1963.Google Scholar