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⁶ For example, Mehrotra, Indian National Congress and Seal, Emergence of Indian Nationalism. The diffusion of the nationalist ideal tends to be observed as a by-product of elite rivalry and ambition at the level of provincial politics. See, for example, Johnson, G., Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism. Bombay and the Indian National Congress 1880–1915, (London, 1973);Google ScholarSuntharalingam, A., Politics and Nationalist Awakening in South India, 1852–1891, (Tucson, 1974).Google ScholarDrJohnson, rather plays down the importance of ideology. Provincial Politics, pp. 196–7.Google Scholar

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⁹ Banerjea, S. N., A Nation in Making. Being the Reminiscences of Fifty Years of Public Life (Calcutta, 1965), pp. 38–41. Some students did indeed begin to organize secret societies after the fashion of the Carbonari, but the attainment of independence by means of political assassination was never seriously contemplated at the time.Google Scholar See also Pal, B. C., Memories of my Life and Times, 2nd rev. edn (Calcutta, 1973), pp. 198–200. The more realistic response was the formation in 1876 of the India Association. It would seem, however, that the political association on whose lines it was supposedly styled was of Irish rather than Italian origin. Certainly, the political model cited by Banerjea in his famous lecture on Mazzini was O'Connell's Catholic Association.Google Scholar See Mehrotra, , Indian National Congress, p. 166Google Scholar and Banerjea, S. N., Speeches and Writings of Hon. Surendranath Banerjea (Madras, n.d.), pp. 391–416.Google Scholar

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¹⁹⁵ Ibid., 30 October 1881.

¹⁹⁶ Bengalee, 5 November 1881; 21 July 1883;Google ScholarMahratta, 1 January 1882.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁷ On 6 May 1882 the new Chief Secretary of Ireland, Lord Frederick Cavendish, and his Under-Secretary, T. H. Burke, were cut down in Phoenix Park by a band of assassins who called themselves the ‘Invincibles’. For further information see O'Brien, R. B., The Life of Charles Stewart Parnell (London, 1899), Vol. I, pp. 353–9.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁸ Bengalee, 13 May 1882.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁹ Hindoo Patriot, 15 May 1882.Google Scholar

²⁰⁰ Bengalee, 29 November 1879.Google ScholarSee also Mahratta, 14 October 1883.Google Scholar

²⁰¹ Hindoo Patriot, 7 April 1879;Google ScholarIndian Mirror, 12 November 1880;Google ScholarMahratta, 14 March 1886.Google Scholar

²⁰² Bengalee, 14 February 1880;Google ScholarHindoo Patriot, 23 February 1880;Google ScholarSadharani, 4 June 1882, Bengal Native Newspaper Reports, L/R/15, Vol. 8, 1882.Google Scholar

²⁰³ Hindu, quoted in Indian Mirror, 12 November 1880.Google Scholar

²⁰⁴ Ibid.

²⁰⁵ Bengalee, 14 February 1880.Google Scholar

²⁰⁶ The general purport of the ‘Domino theory’ was well known in India. See extract from St. James' Gazette in Indian Mirror, 10 December 1880;Google Scholar extract from Liverpool Courier in Bengalee, 24 September 1881;Google Scholar article, ‘The Rising Tide’, Mahratta, 2 May 1886;Google ScholarFriend of India, 12 June 1886;Google Scholar See also diary entry of an interview between Naoroji and Dr Richard Congrieve on 15 April 1886, in Masani, , Dadabhai Naoroji, pp. 229–30.Google Scholar

²⁰⁷ Hindoo Patriot, 24 August 1874.Google Scholar

²⁰⁸ In 1874 there was understandable confusion about the exact meaning of Home Rule. See Indian Public Opinion and Punjab Times, 10 March 1874.Google Scholar

²⁰⁹ See ‘Home Rule for Ireland and its Morals’, Bengalee, 15 May 1886;Google Scholar and ‘Home Rule for India’, Mahratta, 27 June 1886.Google Scholar

²¹⁰ Bengalee, 6 February, 10 April 1886.Google Scholar

²¹¹ Mahratta, 27 June 1886.Google Scholar

²¹² Freeman's Journal, 26 June 1886.Google Scholar

²¹³ See Naoroji to Wilson, 23 September 1886,Google Scholar quoted in Seal, , Emergence of Indian Nationalism, p. 280.Google Scholar

²¹⁴ Ibid., p. 282.

²¹⁵ Bengalee, 15 June 1895.Google Scholar

²¹⁶ Applying Gladstone's argument in support of a separate Irish parliament, the Bengalee interpreted greater Indian political representation as meaning not the ‘dismemberment but rather the consolidation of the Empire’. Ibid., 15 May 1886. See also p. 44.

²¹⁷ Mahratta, 27 June 1886.Google Scholar

²¹⁸ Ibid., 13 April 1884.

²¹⁹ See Wacha to Naoroji, 9, 23 June 1893, Naoroji Papers, supplied by courtesy of J. Masselos.Google Scholar

²²⁰ Amrita Bazar Patrika, 4 November 1905.Google Scholar