¹ Karen Coelho's work on urban public utilities as ‘anthropomorphic grids’ through which citizenship and sovereignty are constantly negotiated and held together by a patchy network of bureaucrats, engineers, and maintainers remain seminal in this regard. See Coelho, Karen, ‘Unstating “the Public”: An Ethnography of Reform in an Urban Public Sector Utility in South India’, in Mosse, David and Lewis, David (eds), Anthropology Upstream: The Ethnography of Aid Donors and Neoliberal Reform (London: Pluto Press, 2005), pp. 171–195Google Scholar; and Coelho, K., ‘Tapping in: Leaky Sovereignties and Engineered (Dis)Order in an Urban Water System’, in Narula, Monica et al. , Sarai Reader 06: Turbulence (Delhi: Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, 2006), pp. 497–509Google Scholar.

² While not an attempt at providing an exhaustive list on violence and cities in India, see works by Blom-Hansen, Thomas, Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001)Google Scholar; Baviskar, Amita, ‘Between Violence and Desire: Space, Power, and Identity in the Making of Metropolitan Delhi’, International Social Science Journal 55, no. 175 (2003), pp. 89–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Banerjee-Guha, Swapna, ‘Neoliberalising the “Urban”: New Geographies of Power and Injustice in Indian Cities’, Economic and Political Weekly 44, no. 22 (2009), pp. 95–107Google Scholar; Prakash, Gyan, Mumbai Fables: History of an Enchanted City (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011)Google Scholar; and Pandey, Gyanendra, Routine Violence: Nations, Fragments, Histories (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³ Schwartz, Herman M. and Seabrooke, Leonard, ‘Varieties of Residential Capitalism in the International Political Economy: Old Welfare States and the New Politics of Housing’, in Seabrooke, Leonard and Schwartz, Herman (eds), The Politics of Housing Booms and Busts (London: Palgrave, 2009), pp. 1–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴ For an exploration of how this new residential capitalism operates in Delhi, see Dasgupta, Rana, Capital: The Eruption of Delhi (New Delhi: Penguin Press, 2014)Google Scholar; for Kolkata, see Bhattacharyya, Debjani, ‘Politics of Dwelling: Divergent Spaces in Calcutta’, in Dilworth, Richardson and Weaver, Timothy (eds), Role of Ideas in Urban Political Development (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020), pp. 202–14Google Scholar; and for Bombay, see Chhabria, Sheetal, Making the Modern Slum: The Power of Capital in Colonial Bombay (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2019)Google Scholar.

⁵ In his recent work on the interventions in the zoned areas of the brothel, Steve Legg studied urban spatial politics during the interwar period on a scalar level to understand governance at various levels, from local to state to international. Legg, S., Prostitution and the Ends of Empire: Scale, Governmentality and Interwar India (Raleigh: Duke University Press, 2014)Google Scholar.

⁶ For some excellent review essays on historical scholarship on South Asian cities, see Beverley, Eric, ‘Colonial Urbanism and South Asian Cities: A Review Essay’, Social History 36, no. 4 (2011), pp. 482–497CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Haynes, Douglas and Rao, Nikhil, ‘Beyond the Colonial City: Re-Evaluating the Urban History of India, ca. 1920–1970’, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 36, no. 3 (2013), pp. 317–335CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Nair, Janaki, ‘Beyond Nationalism: Modernity, Governance and a New Urban History for India’, Urban History 36, no. 2 (2009), pp. 327–341CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Chandavarkar, Raj, History, Culture and the Indian City (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷ Anand, Hydraulic City, p. 7.

⁸ When I refer to the ‘long’ twentieth century here, I depart from Eric Hobsbawn's theorization of the twentieth century as a short one, with the Second World War and the fall of communism as two critical moments that bookend the century. While these experiences were not at all marginal to South Asia (or the post-colonial world), I regard decolonization as a more useful temporality for understanding the twentieth century for the formerly colonized world. The global economic changes that began at the end of the nineteenth century remade the twentieth century as a period marked by decolonization, economic neo-liberalization, rapid urbanization, and environmental crisis. In recasting the twentieth century in this manner, I have also found it productive to think through Arrighi, Giovanni, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power and the Origin of our Time (New York: Verso, [1994] 2009)Google Scholar; and Goswami, Manu, Producing India: From Colonial Economy to National Space (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹¹ Epidemiological cities continue to produce scholarly and artistic engagement with the urban. See the 2017 exhibition at the Wellcome Trust Library on ‘Drawing the Bombay Plague’, https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/Wju6LCQAACYA5fY7, [accessed 21 April 2020].

¹² See Chatterjee, Partha, Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006)Google Scholar, especially Chapter 7 ‘Are Indian Cities becoming Bourgeois at Last?’. See also Dupont, Véronique, Lama-Rewal, Stéphanie Tawa and Zérah, Marie-Hélène, Urban Policies and the Right to the City (Delhi: UNESCO, 2011)Google Scholar.

¹³ Legg, Steve, Spaces of Colonialism: Delhi's Urban Governmentalities (Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁴ The CSDS is an institution that remains one of the central mouthpieces on urbanism in India.

¹⁵ Collective, Sarai, Sarai Reader 02: Cities of Everyday Life (New Delhi: Center for Studies of Developing Societies, 2002), p. ivGoogle Scholar.

¹⁶ Ibid.

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²⁰ Chaudhuri, Kalyan N., ‘Some Reflections on the Town and Country in Mughal India’, Modern Asian Studies 12, no. 1 (1978), pp. 77–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Possehl, Gregory L., Ancient Cities of the Indus (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1979)Google Scholar; and Ray, Amita, Villages, Towns and Secular Buildings in Ancient India (Calcutta: Firma KLM, 1964)Google Scholar.

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²² Bose, Nirmal Kumar, ‘Calcutta: A Premature Metropolis’, Scientific American 213, no. 3 (1965), pp. 91–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mukherjee, S. N., Calcutta: Myths and History (Calcutta: Firma KLM, 1977)Google Scholar; Sinha, Pradip, Calcutta in Urban History (Calcutta: Firma KLM, 1978)Google Scholar; Chaudhuri, Sukanta, Calcutta a Living City (Calcutta: Oxford University Press, 1993)Google Scholar; and Sinha, Surajit, Cultural Profile of Calcutta (Calcutta: Indian Anthropological Society, 1972)Google Scholar.

²³ Skinner's, G. W. adaptation of Walter Christaller's ‘central place theory’ in Skinner, G. W. (ed.), The Chinese City between Two Worlds (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974)Google Scholar was particularly influential on scholars studying the city as regionally connected to its hinterland. See Gumprez, Ellen McDonald, ‘City-Hinterland Relations and the Development of a Regional Elite in Nineteenth Century Bombay’, Journal of Asian Studies no. 33 (1974), pp. 581–601CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Spodek, Howard, Urban-Rural Integration in Regional Development: A Case Study of Saurashtra, India 1800–1960 (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1976)Google Scholar. Other works that deal with urban morphology are: Brush, John E., ‘The Morphology of Indian Cities’, in Turner, Roy (ed.), India's Urban Future (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962), pp. 57–70Google Scholar; and King, Anthony D., Colonial Urban Development: Culture, Social Power and Environment (London: Routledge, 1976)Google Scholar.

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²⁵ Patrick Geddes came to India at the invitation of Lord Pentland in Madras. He then visited and stayed in various cities and princely states, and prepared town-planning and morphology reports. See Tyrwhitt, Jacqueline, Patrick Geddes in India (London: Lund Humphries, 1947)Google Scholar; and Meller, Hellen E., Patrick Geddes: Social Evolutionist and City Planner (London: Routledge, 1975)Google Scholar.

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²⁸ See, for example, Saberwal, Satish (ed.), Process and Institution in Urban India: Sociological Studies (New Delhi: Vikas, 1978)Google Scholar; and Hoselitz, Bert F., ‘A Survey of the Literature on Urbanism in India’, in Turner, Roy (ed.), India's Urban Future (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1962), pp. 425–443Google Scholar.

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³⁰ Appadurai, Arjun, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1996)Google Scholar; and Davis, Mike, Planet of Slums (London: Verso, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar explore how these frames have produced a distinct theory of South Asian urban modernity. See Chakrabarty, Dipesh, Habitations of Modernity: Essay in the Wake of Subaltern Studies (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2002)Google Scholar; Prakash, Gyan and Kruse, Kevin Michael, The Spaces of the Modern City: Imaginaries, Politics, and Everyday Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Beverley, Eric Lewis, ‘Colonial Urbanism and South Asian Cities’, Social History 36, no. 4 (November 2011), pp. 482–497CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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³² Oldenburg, The Making of Colonial Lucknow.

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³⁵ Gyan Prakash ‘The Urban Turn’, in Sarai Reader 02: Cities of Everyday Life, pp. 2–7.

³⁶ Kidambi, The Making of the Indian Metropolis, p. 1.

³⁷ For the Delhi Improvement Trust, see Legg, Spaces of Control; and for the Calcutta Improvement Trust, see Datta, Partho, Planning the City: Urbanization and Reform in Calcutta c. 1800–c. 1940 (Delhi: Tulika Books, 2012)Google Scholar.

³⁸ Kidambi, The Making of the Indian Metropolis.

³⁹ King, Anthony, Colonial Urban Development: Culture, Social Power and Environment (London: Routledge, 1976)Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ Legg's study on Delhi uses a Foucauldian lens of control, discipline, and governmentality to develop geographical models to study spatial control: Legg, ‘Biopolitics and the Urban Environment’, in his Spaces of Colonialism, pp. 149–209.

⁴¹ Chattopadhyay's fascinating exploration of Calcutta's culture and indigenous modernity turns away from the British administrative spaces to the wealthy native houses and their architectural ideology: Chattopadhyay, S., Representing Calcutta. Modernism, Nationalism, and the Colonial Uncanny (Abingdon; Routledge, 2006), pp. 136–224Google Scholar.

⁴² Notions of technocratic planning and its limits have dominated the study of the northwest Indian city Chandigarh. See Kalia, Ravi, Chandigarh: The Making of an Indian City (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998)Google Scholar; and Prakash, Vikramaditya, Le Corbuiser's Chandigarh: Struggle for Modernity in Postcolonial India (Washington: University of Washington Press, 2002)Google Scholar.

⁴³ Glover, Making Lahore Modern, p. xviii.

⁴⁴ Ibid., p. xx.

⁴⁵ Glover shows how Swiss educationist and social reformer Johann Pestalozzi's curriculum of ‘object-lessons’ were imported into the colonial classrooms and gradually adopted into the everyday parlance of colonial life. Ibid., p. xxv.

⁴⁶ See Chopra, A Joint Enterprise, especially Chapter 1.

⁴⁷ Chattopadhyay, Representing Calcutta, pp. 1–3.

⁴⁸ Ibid.

⁴⁹ For works highlighting hybrid modernity, see Prakash, Le Corbuiser's Chandigarh; Glover, Making Lahore Modern; Hazareesingh, The Colonial City; Kidambi, The Making of an Indian Metropolis; Legg, Spaces of Colonialism; Nair, The Promise of the Metropolis; and Hosagrahar, and Indigenous Modernities.

⁵⁰ Datta, Planning the City.

⁵¹ Ghosh, Anindita, Claiming the City: Protest, Crime and Scandal in Colonial Calcutta c. 1860–1920 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 22CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵² Hull, Mathew, Government of Paper: The Materiality of Bureaucracy in Urban Pakistan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012)Google Scholar.

⁵³ Ghosh, Claiming the City, p. 20, see note 52.

⁵⁴ Ibid., p. 21.

⁵⁵ Ibid., p. 89.

⁵⁶ Banerjee, Sumanta, The Parlour and the Street: The Elite and Popular Culture of Nineteenth-Century Calcutta (Calcutta: Seagull Books, 1989)Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ Ghosh, Claiming the City, p. 104.

⁵⁸ Ibid., p. 121.

⁵⁹ Banerjee, Sumanta, Dangerous Outcast: The Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century Bengal (Calcutta: Seagull Books, 1998)Google Scholar; Legg, Stephen, ‘Anti-Vice Lives: Peopling the Archives of Prostitution in Interwar India’, in Pliley, Jessica R., Kramm-Masaoka, Robert and Fischer-Tiné, Harald (eds), Global Anti-Vice Activism, 1890–1950: Fighting Drinks, Drugs, and ‘Immorality’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016)Google Scholar.

⁶⁰ Ghosh, Claiming the City, p. 124.

⁶¹ Ibid.

⁶² Ibid., p. 125.

⁶³ Ibid., p. 162.

⁶⁴ Ibid., p. 293.

⁶⁵ Chatterjee, Partha, The Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2006)Google Scholar.

⁶⁶ For an exception, see Sarkar, Tanika, ‘“Dirty Work, Filthy Caste”: Calcutta Scavengers in the 1920s’, in Ahuja, Ravi (ed.), Working Lives, Worker Militancy: The Politics of Labour in Colonial India (Delhi: Tulika Books, 2013)Google Scholar; and a more recent version: Sarkar, T., ‘Calcutta Municipal Methars and their Strikes in 1928’, Refugee Watch: South Asia Journal on Forced Migration 50 (2017), pp. 30–43Google Scholar.

⁶⁷ ‘Millennial’ is a transitive descriptor for Ghertner, as it marks the period of transition in Delhi as it moved from a city designed and governed through socialist planning vision to world-class status in 2010.

⁶⁸ Late Foucault is becoming increasingly influential in South Asian studies, where we see a shift from discourse and discipline to ethics and governmentality. See Heath, Deana and Legg, Stephen, South Asian Governmentalities; Michel Foucault and the Question of Postcolonial Orderings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018)Google Scholar.

⁶⁹ Prakash, ‘The Urban Turn’, p. 3.

⁷⁰ Legg, Spaces of Colonialism, pp. 149–209.

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⁷³ Ayona Dutta explores this in detail in Dutta, A., The Illegal City: Space, Law and Gender in a Delhi Squatter Settlement (Ashgate: Ashgate Publishing Group, 2012)Google Scholar.

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⁷⁶ Ibid., p. 8. Recent work by Llerna Guiu Searle extends this conversation: see Searle, L. G., Landscapes of Accumulation: Real Estate and the Neoliberal Imagination in Contemporary India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁷⁸ Ibid., pp. 42–44.

⁷⁹ Goldman, Michael, ‘Speculative Urbanism and the Making of the Next World City’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 35, no. 3 (2011), pp. 555–581CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸⁰ A recent book on Gurgaon explores the ramifications of this landbank-based urbanization in the region. See Oldenburg, Veena, Gurgaon: From Mythic Village to Millennium City (New Delhi: Harper Collins, 2018)Google Scholar.

⁸¹ Ghertner, Rule by Aesthetics, pp. 24–26.

⁸² Ibid., p. 10.

⁸³ Ibid.

⁸⁴ Anand, Hydraulic City.

⁸⁵ Ghertner, Rule by Aesthetics, p. 17.

⁸⁶ Ibid., pp. 57–66.

⁸⁷ Saran, Awadhendra, In a City out of Place: Nuisance, Pollution and Dwelling in Delhi c. 1850–2000 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁸⁹ Björkman, Lisa, ‘Becoming a Slum: From Municipal Colony to Illegal Settlement in Liberalization-Era Mumbai’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38, no. 1 (2014), pp. 36–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁹³ Anand, Hydraulic City, p. 7. Coelho makes a similar argument about water's leakiness. See Coelho, ‘Tapping in’.

⁹⁴ Anand, Hydraulic City, p. vii.

⁹⁵ Ibid., p. 10.

⁹⁶ Ibid., p. vii.

⁹⁷ Ibid., p. 132.

⁹⁸ Ibid., p. 11.

⁹⁹ Ibid., pp. 89–92.

¹⁰⁰ Ibid., p. 91.

¹⁰¹ Aakansha Sewa Sangh, Agaaz, Arts Collective CAMP and Nikhil Anand, Ek Dozen Pani (One Dozen Water), 2008, http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/ek-dozen-pani-twelve-stories-passage-water-mumbai-and-its-relation-everyday-lives-films, [accessed 27 March 2020].

¹⁰² Anand, Hydraulic City, p. ix.

¹⁰³ Ibid., p. 7.

¹⁰⁴ Ibid., p. 156. For a similar critique of the static division of civil and political society in the case of Mumbai, see McQuarrie, Michael, Fernandes, Naresh and Shepard, Cassim, ‘The Field of Struggle, the Office, and the Flat: Protest and Aspiration in a Mumbai Slum’, Public Culture 25, no. 2, 70 (2013), pp. 315–348CrossRefGoogle Scholar, doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2020629.

¹⁰⁵ MacFarlane, Colin, Learning the City: Knowledge and Translocal Assemblage (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁰⁷ Coelho, ‘Tapping in’.

¹⁰⁸ Anand, Hydraulic City, p. 162.

¹⁰⁹ Ibid., pp. 165–168.

¹¹⁰ Ibid., p. 189.

¹¹¹ Ibid., p. 13.

¹¹² Ibid., p. 237.