¹ See Deutsch, Karl W., Nationalism and Social Communication: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Nationality (MIT Press paperback, 1967), pp. 104–5.Google Scholar

² For a discussion of nationalism as an urban phenomenon, see Emerson, R., From Empire to Nation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964), pp. 58–9.Google Scholar For details on this topic in South-east Asia, see Bastin, J. and Benda, Harry J., A History of Modern Southeast Asia (Prentice-Hall, 1968), pp. 99, 112, 116.Google Scholar

³ For a discussion of centre-periphery relations in European Empires and their successor states, see Lipset, S. M. and Rokkan, S. (eds), Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives (New York: The Free Press, 1967), pp. 41 f.Google Scholar For a discussion of the same matter in West Africa, see I. Wallerstein, ‘Class, Tribe and Party in West African Politics’, Ibid., pp. 507 f.

⁴ This is an apt characterization because the term ‘pan’ connotes the idea of the desirability of the unification of a geographic area, linguistic group, nation, race or religion, without suggesting that any one of the parts to be unified should enjoy primacy over the others. See Kazemzadeh, F., ‘Pan Movements’ in Sills, David L. (ed.) International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (The Free Press, 1968), 11, p. 365.Google Scholar

⁵ Roff, William R., ‘Indonesian and Malay Students in Cairo in the 1920's’, Indonesia (April, 1970) 9, p. 73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar In 1925, 27 Malay students arrived in Cairo, bringing the total number there to about 80. There were approximately 200 from Indonesia. Roff, William R., The Origins of Malay Nationalism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), p. 88.Google Scholar

⁶ I.e. Moslems indigenous to South-east Asia. Roff, William R., ‘Indonesian and Malay Students in Cairo in the 1920's’, p. 73.Google Scholar

⁷ Ibid.

⁸ Ibid., pp. 76–7.

⁹ Ibid., p. 77.

¹⁰ See Roff, William R., The Origins of Malay Nationalism, p. 89.Google Scholar

¹¹ Roff, William R., ‘Indonesian and Malay Students in Cairo in the 1920's’, pp. 79n, 85.Google Scholar

¹² Roff, William R., The Origins of Malay Nationalism, pp. 142, 144.Google Scholar

¹³ Ibid., pp. 144–5.

¹⁴ Ibid., p. 155.

¹⁵ Ibid., p. 150.

¹⁶ For example,Mohd, Ishak b. Haji, said in 1961 that the main purpose of the Kesatuan Melayu Muda (Young Malays' Association) or KMM, which was founded in 1938 by the SITC graduate Ibrahim Yaacob, was ‘to stop the Malays being exploited by other races’. Roff, William R., The Origins of Malays Nationalism, p. 232, and note 64.Google Scholar

¹⁷ See Allen, James de V., The Malayan Union (South-east Asia Studies, Yale University, 1967), p. 4.Google Scholar Details of the number and composition of the population in Source: Means, Gordon P., Malaysian Politics (University of London Press, 1970), p. 12.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Indonesian and Malay are mutually intelligible languages both stemming from ‘Bazaar Malay’, the lingua franca of much of the Indonesian archipelago and peninsular Malaya. See Kahin, G. McT., Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia (Cornell University Press, 1955), p. 97n.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Roff, William R., The Origins of Malay Nationalism, p. 225.Google Scholar

²⁰ Yaacob, Ibrahim, Sekitar: Malaya Merdeka (Kata Pengantar dated 19/8/57), p. 21. Unfortunately, the writer has been unable to establish whether Ibrahim Yaacob had developed this notion of the people by the late 1920s. As Sekitar: Malaya Merdeka was not published until 1957, it is quite possible that he formulated it sometime between these two dates. This should be borne in mind in assessing the above argument.Google Scholar

²¹ Roff, William R., The Origins of Malay Nationalism, p. 67.Google Scholar

²² Ibid., p. 222.

²³ Benda, Harry J., The Crescent and the Rising Sun: Indonesian Islam Under the Japanese Occupation (The Hague and Bandung: W. van Hoeve, 1958), pp. 54–5.Google Scholar

²⁴ The Indonesian term ‘santri’ may be translated into English as ‘devout Moslem’. A ‘non-Santri’ is, therefore, a ‘non-devout Moslem’. It is used in preference to ‘secular’ which would connote in this context a person not only of non-devout Islamic orientation but also of non-religious orientation.

²⁵ For example, this notion of the Indonesian people is implicit in Sukarno's statement before a Dutch colonial court in 1930 that: …my voice is being listened to … by the people whom I serve. It is reverberating from Kota Radja to Fak-Fak, from Ulu Siau near Menado to Timor. The Indonesian people who listen to my voice, feel as if they are listening to their own voices. Indonesia Menggugat (Djakarta: Teragung, n.d.), p. 195.Google Scholar The italics are in the original. The places mentioned above were all within the boundaries of the Netherlands Indies, with the exception of the Portuguese half of Timor.

²⁶ Roff, William R., ‘Indonesian and Malay Students in Cairo in the 1920's’, p. 87.Google Scholar

²⁷ Benda, Harry J., op. cit., pp. 54–5.Google Scholar

²⁸ Elsbree, W. H., Japan's Role in Southeast Asian Nationalist Movements 1940 to 1945 (Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 112.Google Scholar

²⁹ Ibid.

³⁰ Ibid.

³¹ Muh, Yamin, Naskah-Persiapan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 (Jajasan Prapantja, 1959), 1, p. 205.Google Scholar

³² Ibid., pp. 70–1, passim.

³³ Ibid., p. 206.

³⁴ Ibid.

³⁵ Ibid., pp. 127, 135.

³⁶ Ibid., pp. 191–2.

³⁷ Ibid., p. 203.

³⁸ Ibid., pp. 191–2.

³⁹ Ibid.

⁴⁰ Ibid., p. 214.

⁴¹ Anderson, B. R. O'G.. Some Aspects of Indonesian Politics under the Japanese Occupation: 1944–1945 (Cornell Modern Indonesia Project, 1961), p. 2.Google Scholar

⁴² Dahm, Bernhard, Sukarno and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence (Cornell University Press, 1969), p. 301.Google Scholar

⁴³ The United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August respectively and the Soviet Union entered the war against Japan on the 7th. Sukarno and Hatta's meeting with Marshal Terauchi, as noted above, took place on 12 August. Dahm, B., History of Indonesia in the Twentieth Century (London: Pall Mall, 1971), p. 109.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Compare Nakamura, Mitsuo, ‘General Imamura and the Early Period of the Japanese Occupation’, Indonesia (10, 1970) 10, p. 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁵ Allen, J. de V., , op. cit., p. 10n. 28.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Yaacob, Ibrahim, op. cit., p. 29.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Anderson, B. R. O'G., op. cit., p. 62.Google Scholar