¹ Dennys, N. B., Notes for Tourists in the North of China, Hongkong: A. Shortrede & Co., 1866, pp. 60–61Google Scholar.

² ‘Che-Foo, in China’, Illustrated London News, Supplement, 9 December 1876, p. 561.

³ Archibald, John and Little, Edward S., The Fight for Kuling in 1892–1895, Hankow: Central China Post, 1924, pp. 3, 27Google Scholar.

⁴ Ke, Xu, Beidaihe zhinan, Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1922, p. 3.Google Scholar

⁵ Cook's Tourist's Handbook to Peking, Tientsin, Shan-Hai-Kwan, Mukden, Dalny, Port Arthur and Seoul, London: Thos. Cook & Son, 1910, p. 73.

⁶ See its agreement with the Santo Railway Administration of 1915, which authorized it to sell tickets for the journey between Qingdao and Jinan-Fu: Copies of Agreements, Volume 10, Thomas Cook Archives, pp. 231–232.

⁷ See their advertisement in English for tickets from Beijing to Beidaihe Beach: Directory of Peitaiho, Chinwangtao, Shanhaikuan, Season—1919, Tientsin: Rocky Point Association, 1919, p. 8.

⁸ See a report of September 1931, according to which foreign visitors to Kuling had numbered no more than 500 during the analogous period of 1930 but had now reached 2,000: ‘Xiaoxia tongxun’, Lüxing zazhi, 5.9 (September 1931), p. 147, and a 1935 account of a trip to Jigongshan, in which its author mentioned that in the previous two or three years the number of foreign visitors to the place had been increasing: Xu Shiqing, ‘Jigongshan youji’, Lüxing zazhi, 9.7 (July 1935), p. 36.

⁹ Lü Bicheng, ‘Beidaihe youji’, Funü shibao, 1 (June 1911), p. 32.

¹⁰ Ke, Xu, Jigongshan zhinan, Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1921, introduction, p. 1Google Scholar.

¹¹ Xu K., Beidaihe zhinan, introduction, p. 2.

¹² A list published in 1919 of the occupants of houses in Beidaihe included seven Chinese names: Directory of Peitaiho, Chinwangtao, Shanhaikuan, Season—1919, pp. 39, 51.

¹³ Xu K., Beidaihe zhinan, introduction, p. 1; and Xu K., Jigongshan zhinan, introduction, p. 1.

¹⁴ Liangyou, 91 (1 August 1934), p. 22.

¹⁵ Benhang chuangban lüxingshe de yongyi, Shanghai Municipal Archives, Q275-1-128.

¹⁶ See Bickers, Robert, Britain in China: Community, Culture and Colonialism 1900–1949, Manchester, New York: Manchester University Press, 1999, pp. 140–141Google Scholar.

¹⁷ Junhao, Zhao, Moganshan daoyou, Shanghai: Zhongguo lüxingshe, 1937, pp. 3, 59Google Scholar. See also Yue Dong, Madeleine, ‘Shanghai's China Traveler’, in Yue Dong, Madeleine and Goldstein, Joshua (eds), Everyday Modernity in China, Seattle, London: University of Washington Press, 2006, p. 209Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Xu S., ‘Jigongshan youji’, p. 36.

¹⁹ On tourism to Beidaihe and Lushan from the 1950s, see Xu, Gang, Tourism and Local Development in China: Case Studies of Guilin, Suzhou and Beidaihe, Oxon, New York: Routledge, 2013, pp. 49–50Google Scholar; and Luanshu, Zhou, Lushan shihua, Nanchang: Jiangxi renmin chubanshe, 2005, pp. 183–185Google Scholar.

²⁰ The publication in 1940 of an article on summer tourism to Qingdao in a general periodical which made no reference to the war might hint at some touristic practice: Changcheng, 15 June 1940, pp. 10–11.

²¹ Zhongguo lüxingshe zongshe renzi zhangzi yezi guanzi linzi tonghan tonggao qingbao deng wenjian, Beijing Municipal Archives, J51-1-152.

²² Chu Yusheng, ‘Moganshan de xinshang’, Lüxing zazhi, 22.9 (September 1948), p. 13.

²³ See also Zhang Wang, ‘Xia du lühen’, Lü guang, 9.15 (1 August 1948), p. 7.

²⁴ Chu, ‘Moganshan de xinshang’, pp. 13–14.

²⁵ Bai Yongda, ‘Lianqing hua youqing’, Lao zhaopian, 52 (April 2007), pp. 153–154.

²⁶ Aron, Cindy S., Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States, New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 16–18Google Scholar, 27, 49, 60, 64, 206.

²⁷ Corbin, Alain, Le territoire du vide. L'Occident et le désir du rivage (1750–1840), Paris: Flammarion, 1988, p. 314Google Scholar.

²⁸ See, for instance, Crossette, Barbara, The Great Hill Stations of Asia, Boulder, Colorado; Oxford: Westview Press, 1998, pp. 3–4Google Scholar, 7, 52, 133.

²⁹ Little, The Fight for Kuling in 1892–1895, pp. 33, 40.

³⁰ Werner, E. T. C., Autumn Leaves: An Autobiography, with a Sheaf of Papers, Sociological & Sinological, Philosophical & Metaphysical, Shanghai, Hongkong, Singapore: Kerry & Walsh, 1928, p. 580Google Scholar.

³¹ Tharp, Robert N., They Called Us White Chinese: ‘The Story of a Lifetime of Service to God and Mankind ’, Charlotte, North Carolina: Delmar Printing & Publishing, 1994, p. 89Google Scholar.

³² Haupt, Adolf, Guide to Tsingtao and its Environs, Tsingtao: George G. Telberg's International Book-Store, 1934, p. 32Google Scholar.

³³ Stone, Albert H. and Hammond Reed, J. (eds), Historic Lushan: The Kuling Mountains, Hankow: Arthington Press, Religious Tract Society, 1921, p. 15Google Scholar.

³⁴ Bruce-Mitford, C. E., The Territory of Wei-Hai-Wei. A Descriptive Guide and Handbook with Maps and Illustrations, a Historical Note and Appendix, Shanghai, Hongkong, Singapore, Yokohama: Kelly & Walsh, Limited, 1902, p. 6Google Scholar.

³⁵ Little, Mrs Archibald, Round about my Peking Garden, London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1905, p. 117Google Scholar.

³⁶ Xiangyang, Deng, Mi ziqi xia de Weihaiwei, Jinan: Shandong huabao chubanshe, 2003, p. 133Google Scholar.

³⁷ Henderson, James, MD, Shanghai Hygiene. Or Hints for the Preservation of Health in China, Shanghai: Presbyterian Mission Press, 1863, p. 85Google Scholar.

³⁸ ‘China’, The Far Eastern Traveller's Gazette, 4.2 (April 1918), pp. 6–7.

³⁹ Cook's Tourist's Handbook to Peking, p. 73.

⁴⁰ Bruce-Mitford, The Territory of Wei-Hai-Wei, Appendix C, n.p.

⁴¹ Spencer, J. E. and Thomas, W. L., ‘The Hill Stations and Summer Resorts of the Orient’, Geographical Review, 38.4 (October 1948), p. 648CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴² Sui and Tang emperors travelled for this purpose to the Renshou-Jiucheng Palace located in a hilly area: see Weiquan, Zhou, Zhongguo gudian yuanlin shi, Beijing: Qinghua daxue chubanshe, 1999, p. 146Google Scholar.

⁴³ Forêt, Philippe, Mapping Chengde: The Qing Landscape Enterprise, Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2000, pp. 17, 84Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ Spencer and Thomas, ‘The Hill Stations and Summer Resorts of the Orient’, p. 649.

⁴⁵ See Munakata, Kiyohiko, Sacred Mountains in Chinese Art, Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1991, pp. 173–174Google Scholar, 176, 182; Clunas, Craig, Fruitful Sites: Garden Culture in Ming Dynasty China, London: Reaktion Books, 1996, pp. 118–119Google Scholar; and Harrist, Robert E. Jr., Painting and Private Life in Eleventh-Century China: Mountain Villa by Li Gonglin, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998Google Scholar.

⁴⁶ Naquin, Susan, Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2000, pp. 189, 258Google Scholar.

⁴⁷ Ibid., p. 259. This practice by Chinese nationals (and later by foreigners) continued into the twentieth century: see Bredon, Juliet, Peking: A Historical and Intimate Description of its Chief Places of Interest, Shanghai, Hongkong, Singapore, Hankow, Yokohama: Kelly & Walsh, 1920, pp. 267–268Google Scholar; and Hubbard, G. E., The Temples of the Western Hills, Peking, Tientsin: La Librairie Française, 1923, p. 8Google Scholar.

⁴⁸ Fu Sheng, ‘Funü de haishui yu yu wenquan yu’, Funü zazhi, 13.7 (1 July 1927), p. 24.

⁴⁹ Liangyou, 91 (1 August 1934), pp. 20–21.

⁵⁰ Ibid., 119 (15 August 1936), p. 31.

⁵¹ Lüxing zazhi, 6.7 (July 1932), p. 15.

⁵² Ibid., 11.6 (June 1937), n.p.

⁵³ Chu, ‘Moganshan de xinshang’, p. 15.

⁵⁴ See the assertions that the fresh air at Kuling was very beneficial to the body in Xingzheng, Zhong, ‘Guling xinying’, Lüxing zazhi, 5.7 (July 1931), p. 34Google Scholar, or that staying in the hills in Moganshan made a weak body stronger: ibid.

⁵⁵ Little, The Fight for Kuling in 1892–1895, p. 1.

⁵⁶ Stone and Reed (eds), Historic Lushan, introduction.

⁵⁷ Xu, Xu, ‘Bishu’, in Xu Xu quanji (qi), Taibei: Zhengzhong shuju, 1967, pp. 51–52Google Scholar.

⁵⁸ Peigan, Shen, ‘Shanghairen de xiaoxia shenghuo’, Lüxing zazhi, 4.7 (July 1930), pp. 55–58Google Scholar.

⁵⁹ Xu X., ‘Bishu’, p. 51.

⁶⁰ A 1937 guide to Moganshan referred to the fact that foreigners were used to going to the hills every year on the first of July to avoid the heat, for a period of around three to four months: see Zhao J., Moganshan daoyou, p. 26.

⁶¹ Ibid.

⁶² Ni, Jin, ‘Xia zhi leyuan’, Lüxing zazhi, 7.9 (September 1933), p. 24Google Scholar.

⁶³ Zhongguo mingsheng. Di yayi zhong. Moganshan, Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1925, p. 3.

⁶⁴ Where they were ‘ephemeral branches’ of big shops from Shanghai and Tianjin: see Bridge, Ann, Four-Part Setting: A Novel, London: The Reprint Society, 1941, p. 6Google Scholar.

⁶⁵ The Beidaihe Beach train station opened for the summer season: see Cook's Tourist's Handbook to Peking, p. 105.

⁶⁶ Occasional excursion steamers ran directly from Shanghai to Putuo and its bathing beach, for weekend trips, in the summer: see Guide to China, with Land and Sea Routes between the American and European Continents, Tokyo: Japanese Government Railways, 1924, p. 311.

⁶⁷ From 1921, an aeroplane flew between Beijing and Beidaihe during the summer months: see Guan Luosheng, Beidaihe haibin zhilüe, 1925, pp. 45–46.

⁶⁸ Little, The Fight for Kuling in 1892–1895, p. 56.

⁶⁹ ‘Tsingtau’, The Far Eastern Traveller's Gazette, 3.3 (July 1917), p. 9.

⁷⁰ Xu S., ‘Jigongshan youji’, p. 38.

⁷¹ Yi, Yi, ‘Weihaiwei yi pie’, Lüxing zazhi, 4.10 (October 1930), p. 24Google Scholar.

⁷² Jin, ‘Xia zhi leyuan’, p. 30.

⁷³ Chen, C., ‘China's Service to Travellers’, The China Critic, 8.9 (28 February 1935), p. 206Google Scholar.

⁷⁴ Shidai manhua, 6 (20 June 1934), n.p.

⁷⁵ Crossette, The Great Hill Stations of Asia, p. 8.

⁷⁶ Kennedy, Dane, The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1996, pp. 3–4Google Scholar, 39–62, 88, 99–106, 110–112.

⁷⁷ Jennings, Eric T., ‘From Indochine to Indochic: The Lang Bian/Dalat Palace Hotel and French Colonial Leisure, Power and Culture’, Modern Asian Studies, 37.1 (2003), pp. 165–168CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Jennings, E. T., Imperial Heights: Dalat and the Making and Undoing of French Indochina, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2011, pp. 2Google Scholar, 38, 56, 72–80.

⁷⁸ MacCannell, Dean, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1999, pp. 98–99Google Scholar.

⁷⁹ Bickers, Britain in China, pp. 91–92.

⁸⁰ Carroll, John M., ‘The Peak: Residential Segregation in Colonial Hong Kong’, in Goodman, Bryna and Goodman, David S. G. (eds), Twentieth-Century Colonialism and China: Localities, the Everyday and the World, London, New York: Routledge, 2012, pp. 81–90Google Scholar.

⁸¹ Little, Round about my Peking Garden, p. 117.

⁸² Johnston, Reginald F., Lion and Dragon in Northern China, Hong Kong, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 29Google Scholar.

⁸³ Zhao J., Moganshan daoyou, p. 69.

⁸⁴ Yufu, Tan, ‘Guling youcheng’, Lüxing zazhi, 4.7 (July 1930), p. 63Google Scholar.

⁸⁵ Barbara Crossette has noted how Indians and even rich maharajas stayed away from the few good hotels that the British made their holiday headquarters at the British Indian hill stations, suggesting that this distance may have been preferred in part out of fear of humiliation: see Crossette, The Great Hill Stations of Asia, p. 82.

⁸⁶ Juju, Zhen, ‘Lushan zhen mianmu’, Lüxing zazhi, 5.6 (June 1931), p. 4Google Scholar.

⁸⁷ See Baranowski, Shelley and Furlough, Ellen, ‘Introduction’, in Baranowski, Shelley and Furlough, Ellen (eds), Being Elsewhere: Tourism, Consumer Culture, and Identity in Modern Europe and North America, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2001, p. 4CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Urry, John, The Tourist Gaze, London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2002, p. 2Google Scholar.

⁸⁸ Johnston, Tess and Deke, Erh, Near to Heaven: Western Architecture in China's Old Summer Resorts, Hong Kong: Old China Hand Press, 1994, p. 33Google Scholar.

⁸⁹ Junhao, Zhao, ‘Lüxing jiangzuo: Wu Kaixian xiansheng fangwen ji’, Lüxing zazhi, 10.12 (December 1936), p. 73Google Scholar.

⁹⁰ Zhao J., ‘Moganshan xiaoxia ji’, Lüxing zazhi, 5.7 (July 1931), p. 13.

⁹¹ Tan, ‘Guling youcheng’, p. 64.

⁹² Lizhai, Qin, ‘Guling youcheng’, Lüxing zazhi, 5.6 (June 1931), p. 31Google Scholar.

⁹³ See, for instance, Xishan, Wu, ‘Moganshan zai fuxing zhong’, Lüxing zazhi, 20.5 (November 1946), p. 23Google Scholar; and Yun, E, ‘Quanguo bishu shengdi ji’, Dixue zazhi, 9.9-10 (1918), p. 25Google Scholar.

⁹⁴ Xu X., ‘Bishu’, p. 52.

⁹⁵ Jinming, Luo, Qingdao fengguang, Qingdao: Xinghua yinshua ju, 1935, part 2, p. 61Google Scholar.

⁹⁶ Zhao J., ‘Lüxing jiangzuo’, p. 73.

⁹⁷ Xu K., Jigongshan zhinan, introduction, p. 2.

⁹⁸ Lüxing zazhi, 11.6 (June 1937), n.p.

⁹⁹ ‘Tsingtao Calling’, The Far Eastern Traveller's Gazette, 20.3 (July–September 1934), p. 13.

¹⁰⁰ ‘Tsingtau’, The Far Eastern Traveller's Gazette, 3.3 (July 1917), p. 9.

¹⁰¹ ‘Tsingtao Calling’, The Far Eastern Traveller's Gazette, p. 13.

¹⁰² See ‘Tsingtau’, The Far Eastern Traveller's Gazette, 3.2 (April 1917), p. 5; and Luo, Qingdao fengguang, part 1, pp. 210–227, 241–242.

¹⁰³ Zhong, ‘Guling xinying’, p. 34.

¹⁰⁴ See Reed, Robert R., City of Pines: The Origins of Baguio as a Colonial Hill Station and Regional Capital, Berkeley, California: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of California, 1976, p. 38Google Scholar; and Kennedy, The Magic Mountains, pp. 1–4, 10.

¹⁰⁵ ‘Tsingtau’, The Far Eastern Traveller's Gazette, 3.3 (July 1917), p. 9.

¹⁰⁶ Zhao Junhao, ‘Lüxing jiangzuo [er]: Cai Zimin xiansheng fangwen ji’, Lüxing zazhi, 9.2 (February 1935), p. 78.

¹⁰⁷ The existence of a sand beach is neither mentioned nor pictured in any other sources I have had access to. It either did not exist or, if it did, the absence of references to it would tend to indicate that it would not usually have been considered as representative of Kuling.

¹⁰⁸ See Bührlein, Monika, Nuwara Eliya. “Hill Station” und zentraler Ort im Hochland der Insel Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag, 1991, p. 162Google Scholar; Robert Aiken, S., ‘Early Penang Hill Station’, Geographical Review, 77.4 (October 1987), pp. 422Google Scholar, 433; and Kennedy, The Magic Mountains, p. 4.

¹⁰⁹ Tharp, They Called Us White Chinese, p. 83.

¹¹⁰ The German Navy, for instance, regularly took turns in Qingdao during the summer for play and recreation: ‘Qingdao shenggai’, Lüxing zazhi, 3.8 (August 1929), p. 62.

¹¹¹ ‘Che-Foo, in China’, Illustrated London News, p. 561.

¹¹² See Donnelly, Ivon A., The China Coast, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore: Kelly & Walsh, Limited, 1940, p. 30Google Scholar; and Guide to China, with Land and Sea Routes between the American and European Continents, p. 175.

¹¹³ Zuh-Tsing, Kyi, Tsingtao: A Historical, Political and Economic Survey, Tsingtao: The Catholic Mission Press, 1930, p. 79Google Scholar.

¹¹⁴ E Y., ‘Quanguo bishu shengdi ji’, p. 24.

¹¹⁵ Shen P., ‘Shanghairen de xiaoxia shenghuo’, p. 55.

¹¹⁶ Beiyang huabao, 669 (27 August 1931), p. 3.

¹¹⁷ Ibid., 18 (4 September 1926), p. 2.

¹¹⁸ Chesneaux, Jean, The Chinese Labor Movement, 1919–1927, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1968, p. 73Google Scholar; and Smith, S. A., Like Cattle and Horses: Nationalism and Labor in Shanghai, 1895–1927, Durham, London: Duke University Press, 2002, pp. 87CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 89, 143, 218, 229.

¹¹⁹ Honig, Emily, Sisters and Strangers: Women in the Shanghai Cotton Mills, 1919–1949, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986, pp. 162–164Google Scholar.

¹²⁰ Beiyang huabao, 364 (29 August 1929), pp. 2–3.

¹²¹ Liangyou, 125 (15 February 1937), pp. 4–5.

¹²² Ibid., 70 (October 1932), p. 10.

¹²³ Beiyang huabao, 348 (23 July 1929), p. 2.

¹²⁴ Ibid., 359 (17 August 1929), p. 2; and ibid., 364 (29 August 1929), p. 2.

¹²⁵ Such as Xu Lai and Gong Jianong: see Beiyang huabao, 1026 (19 December 1933), p. 3; and for Xu Jian and Gong Zhihua: see ibid., 1417 (25 June 1936), p. 3.

¹²⁶ Such as the Olympic pole-vaulter Fu Baolu: see Liangyou, 92 (15 August 1934), p. 3.

¹²⁷ Zhao J., ‘Moganshan xiaoxia ji’, p. 13.

¹²⁸ See Beiyang huabao, 1139 (11 September 1934), p. 2.

¹²⁹ Jin, ‘Xia zhi leyuan’, p. 29.

¹³⁰ Haupt, Guide to Tsingtao and its Environs, p. 60.

¹³¹ Wei Jing, Qingdao zhinan, Qingdao: Pingyuan shudian, 1933, part 5, p. 5.

¹³² Beidaihe haibin zhinan, Beidaihe haibin zizhiqu gongshu, [1936?], p. 5.

¹³³ Liangyou, 59 (July 1930), p. 33; and ibid., 91 (1 August 1934), p. 22.

¹³⁴ Tharp, They Called Us White Chinese, pp. 179–180.

¹³⁵ Löfgren, Orvar, On Holiday: A History of Vacationing, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1999, p. 118CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³⁶ Aron, Working at Play, p. 70.

¹³⁷ Chu, ‘Moganshan de xinshang’, p. 15.

¹³⁸ Aron, Working at Play, pp. 77, 79.

¹³⁹ See Finnane, Antonia, Changing Clothes in China: Fashion, History, Nation, London: Hurst & Company, 2007, pp. 168Google Scholar, 171–173.

¹⁴⁰ Jin, ‘Xia zhi leyuan’, p. 30.

¹⁴¹ See Hassan, John, The Seaside, Health and Environment in England and Wales since 1800, Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2003, p. 93Google Scholar.

¹⁴² ‘Tsingtao Calling’, The Far Eastern Traveller's Gazette, 20.3 (July–September 1934), p. 14.

¹⁴³ See ‘Qingdao shenggai’, Lüxing zazhi, p. 62; and Wei, Qingdao zhinan, part 5, p. 5.

¹⁴⁴ Kyi, Tsingtao, p. 79.

¹⁴⁵ Jin, ‘Xia zhi leyuan’, p. 30.

¹⁴⁶ Liangyou, 59 (July 1930), p. 28.

¹⁴⁷ See Morris, Andrew D., Marrow of the Nation: A History of Sport and Physical Culture in Republican China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2004Google Scholar, passim, especially pp. 3, 8, 19, 47–48, 61–70, 100–123.

¹⁴⁸ See Peiyan, Cao, ‘Lüxing yu xin shenghuo’, Xin shenghuo, 37 (30 May 1920), p. 5Google Scholar; and Xingchu, ‘Benguo huanying xin tuanyuan dahui ji qinggong an jixian’, Lüxing yuekan, 5.6 (June 1930), p. 36.

¹⁴⁹ Hassan, The Seaside, Health and Environment, pp. 75, 90–93, 100; Walton, John K., The British Seaside: Holidays and Resorts in the Twentieth Century, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000, pp. 97Google Scholar, 101, 103–104; Löfgren, On Holiday, pp. 120, 124, 132, 169; and Aron, Working at Play, p. 72.

¹⁵⁰ This was the case in British India, Ceylon, and Malaya, in the American Philippines and in French Indochina: see Crossette, The Great Hill Stations of Asia, pp. 8, 134, 157; Kennedy, The Magic Mountains, pp. 36, 58, 109; Robert Aiken, S., Imperial Belvederes: The Hill Stations of Malaya, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, pp. 6–7Google Scholar, 34, 58, 64; Anderson, Warwick, Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines, Durham: Duke University Press, 2006, pp. 142CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 145–146; and Jennings, Imperial Heights, p. 83.

¹⁵¹ Kenneth Lo, The Feast of My Life, London, New York, Toronto, Sydney, Auckland: Doubleday, 1993, p. 42.

¹⁵² Chu, ‘Moganshan de xinshang’, p. 15.

¹⁵³ Weihaiwei zhinan, Weihai: Weihai Shanghui [1933], n.p.

¹⁵⁴ See a caricature of the (lazy) holiday maker in Qingdao: Beiyang huabao, 1112 (10 July 1934), p. 2.

¹⁵⁵ Ibid., 669 (27 August 1931), p. 3.

¹⁵⁶ Zhong, ‘Guling xinying’, p. 35.

¹⁵⁷ Ibid.

¹⁵⁸ Xu X., ‘Bishu’, p. 52.

¹⁵⁹ In the context of national emergency following the Mukden Incident and of the New Life Movement, which explicitly regulated leisure in a utilitarian way, see Zhongling, Shen, Xin shenghuo yu yule, Nanjing: Zhengzhong shuju, 1935, pp. 2–3Google Scholar.

¹⁶⁰ Weicun, Ruan, ‘Xuyan’, in Jie, Hai (trans.), Youyong chenggong shu, Shanghai: Qinfen shuju, 1933, pp. 1–2Google Scholar.

¹⁶¹ See Shixun, Zhou, Shanghai shi da guan, Shanghai: Meishu tushu gongsi, 1933, p. 70Google Scholar; and North-China Herald, 22 July 1936, p. 135.

¹⁶² Ruan, ‘Xuyan’, p. 1.

¹⁶³ Liangyou, 91 (1 August 1934), p. 22.

¹⁶⁴ Shenbao, 16 June 1930, p. 14.

¹⁶⁵ Zhu Weiliang, ‘Huiyi fuqin Zhu Peide’, Lao zhaopian, 19 (September 2001), pp. 51–52.

¹⁶⁶ Tharp, They Called Us White Chinese, p. 179.

¹⁶⁷ Jackson, Innes, China Only Yesterday, London: Faber and Faber, 1938, p. 195Google Scholar.

¹⁶⁸ Ibid., pp. 197–198.

¹⁶⁹ Guan, Beidaihe haibin zhilüe, p. 83.

¹⁷⁰ See Schafer, Edward H., ‘The Development of Bathing Customs in Ancient and Medieval China and the History of the Floriate Clear Palace’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 76.2 (April–June 1956), pp. 58CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 61, 65–66, 68–71.

¹⁷¹ Jackson, China Only Yesterday, p. 198.

¹⁷² Beiyang huabao, 1125 (9 August 1934), p. 2.

¹⁷³ Jianheng, Chen, Lüxing weisheng fa, Shanghai: Zhonghua shuju, 1947, pp. 14–15Google Scholar.

¹⁷⁴ Liangyou, 92 (15 August 1934), p. 12.

¹⁷⁵ Ibid., 119 (15 August 1936), p. 21.

¹⁷⁶ Bingying, Xie, ‘Midpoint of an Ordinary Life’, in Wang, Jing M., Jumping Through Hoops: Autobiographical Stories by Modern Chinese Women Writers, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2003, p. 164Google Scholar.

¹⁷⁷ Beiyang huabao, 8 (31 July 1926), p. 2.

¹⁷⁸ Wei, Qingdao zhinan, part 5, p. 4.

¹⁷⁹ Guangzhou zhinan, Guangzhou: Guangzhou shi zhengfu, 1934, p. 318.

¹⁸⁰ Liangyou, 91 (1 August 1934), p. 22.

¹⁸¹ See Zhou S., Shanghai shi da guan, p. 70.

¹⁸² E Y., ‘Quanguo bishu shengdi ji’, p. 25.

¹⁸³ Ruan, ‘Xuyan’, p. 1.

¹⁸⁴ Luo, Qingdao fengguang, part 1, p. 81. See also a comparison of seabathers in Qingdao with crucian carps crossing a river: Xuefan, ‘Meili de Qingdao’, Lüxing yuekan, 5.8 (October 1930), p. 26.

¹⁸⁵ ‘Xiaoxia tongxun’, Lüxing zazhi, p. 153.

¹⁸⁶ Lu Hai, Qingdao jiu shi, Qingdao: Qingdao chubanshe, 2004, p. 57.

¹⁸⁷ ‘Qingdao shenggai’, Lüxing zazhi, p. 62.

¹⁸⁸ Luo, Qingdao fengguang, part 2, p. 60.

¹⁸⁹ Beiyang huabao, 1125 (9 August 1934), p. 2.

¹⁹⁰ In relation to the fear of the sea in the West, see Corbin, Le territoire du vide, pp. 13–30.

¹⁹¹ Jackson, China Only Yesterday, p. 198.

¹⁹² Manhua, Zhu, ‘Xiaoxia shengdi’, Lüxing zazhi, 10.8 (August 1936), p. 9Google Scholar.

¹⁹³ Xu X., ‘Bishu’, p. 51.

¹⁹⁴ See ‘Dou An lung tonic’, Shenbao, 30 May 1930, p. 8; and ‘Mai Dige injection medicinal liquid against gonorrhoea’, Shenbao, 17 March 1930, p. 9.

¹⁹⁵ Jin, ‘Xia zhi leyuan’, p. 30.

¹⁹⁶ Ruo, Ying (trans.), ‘Haishui yu zhi xiaoneng ji qi zhuyi’, Dongfang zazhi, 15.11 (November 1918), pp. 117–119Google Scholar.

¹⁹⁷ Renhang, Liu, Leng shui yu, Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1918, pp. 46–47Google Scholar.

¹⁹⁸ Guan, Beidaihe haibin zhilüe, p. 83.

¹⁹⁹ Ying, Zhu, ‘Qingdao youcheng’, Lüxing zazhi, 8.5 (May 1934), p. 60Google Scholar.

²⁰⁰ Beidaihe haibin daoyou, Shanghai: Zhongguo lüxingshe, 1935, p. 4.

²⁰¹ Kongwo, Xu, ‘Dao haibin yuchang’, Lüxing zazhi, 10.8 (August 1936), p. 7Google Scholar.

²⁰² Wuxuan, Gao, ‘Xi Lianfeng xia song can chun’, Lüxing zazhi, 10.7 (July 1936), p. 13Google Scholar.

²⁰³ See Corbin, Le territoire du vide, pp. 79–87.

²⁰⁴ See Masaki, Nakayama, ‘Meiji ki ni okeru kaisuiyokujō no seiritsu ni kansuru ichi kōsatsu’, Chiiki kenkyū, 41.2 (March 2001), pp. 16–17.Google Scholar.

²⁰⁵ Ying (trans.), ‘Haishui yu zhi xiaoneng ji qi zhuyi’, p. 118.

²⁰⁶ Fu, ‘Funü de haishui yu yu wenquan yu’, pp. 24–25.

²⁰⁷ Liangyou, 91 (1 August 1934), p. 22.

²⁰⁸ Beidaihe haibin daoyou, p. 4.

²⁰⁹ Jin, ‘Xia zhi leyuan’, p. 30.

²¹⁰ Chu, ‘Moganshan de xinshang’, p. 15.

²¹¹ Segrave, Kerry, Suntanning in 20th Century America, Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2005, pp. 12–26Google Scholar.

²¹² Speak, Mike, ‘The Emergence of Modern Sport, 960–1840’, in Jones, Riordan and Jones, Robin (eds), Sport and Physical Education in China, London, New York: ISCPES, 1999, p. 48Google Scholar; and Zhaohe, Pu, ‘Gudai de “riguangyu”’, Yangsheng yuekan, 23.6 (June 2002), p. 266Google Scholar.

²¹³ Harris, Marvin, ‘The Rites of Summer: History of the Sun Tan’, Natural History, 82.8 (August 1973), p. 20Google Scholar.

²¹⁴ Huikang, Ding, ‘Qingdao linzhao’, Lüxing zazhi, 5.7 (July 1931), p. 26Google Scholar.

²¹⁵ See Triani, Giorgio, Pelle di luna, pelle di sole: Nascita e storia della civiltà balneare, 1700–1946, Venezia: Marsilio Editori, 1988, p. 105Google Scholar.

²¹⁶ The Young Companion magazine mentioned in 1934 that small urbanites often lived in bird cage-type houses located in alleyways, where it was not easy to see the sun, and that therefore exposing the body to the sun on the beach was a very agreeable thing: Liangyou, 91 (1 August 1934), p. 22.

²¹⁷ Harris, ‘The Rites of Summer’, p. 20.

²¹⁸ Jin, ‘Xia zhi leyuan’, p. 30.

²¹⁹ As in Australia: see Booth, Douglas, Australian Beach Cultures: The History of Sun, Sand and Surf, London, Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass, 2001, pp. 8–13Google Scholar.

²²⁰ Beiyang huabao, 1125 (9 August 1934), p. 2.

²²¹ Ibid., 1148 (2 October 1934), p. 2.

²²² See, for instance, Beiyang huabao, 1451 (12 September 1936), p. 1.

²²³ Liangyou, 107 (15 July 1935), pp. 4–5.

²²⁴ See China Industrial Handbooks: Kiangsu, Shanghai: Bureau of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Industry, 1933, pp. 486, 489.

²²⁵ See, for instance, Shoubai, Gu, Qihou yu jiankang, Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1924, p. 10Google Scholar.

²²⁶ Beidaihe haibin daoyou, p. 4.

²²⁷ Jin, ‘Xia zhi leyuan’, p. 30.

²²⁸ Segrave, Suntanning in 20^th Century America, pp. 12–26.

²²⁹ Zi Jie, ‘Aozhouren de youxi’, Lüxing zazhi, 7.2 (February 1933), p. 76.

²³⁰ Jin, ‘Xia zhi leyuan’, p. 31.

²³¹ Ibid.

²³² In America, by 1929 wearing stockings had, as a result of tanning, become optional: Segrave, Suntanning in 20^th Century America, p. 34.

²³³ ‘Xiaoxia tongxun’, Lüxing zazhi, p. 155.

²³⁴ Jin, ‘Xia zhi leyuan’, p. 30.

²³⁵ Gao, ‘Xi Lianfeng xia song can chun’, p. 13.

²³⁶ Beidaihe haibin daoyou, p. 4.

²³⁷ Lüxing zazhi, 13.6 (June 1939), p. 34.

²³⁸ The Lian Hua wool factory and the San Lun trademark, for instance, advertised ‘fashionable’ foreign and Chinese bathing costumes: Liangyou, 68 (30 August 1932), p. 39.

²³⁹ Yingdai, Huang, ‘Gaoqiao haibin yuchang’, Lüxing zazhi, 10.8 (August 1936), p. 13Google Scholar.

²⁴⁰ Jackson, China Only Yesterday, p. 201.

²⁴¹ ‘Xiaoxia tongxun’, Lüxing zazhi, p. 151.

²⁴² Fleming, Peter, One's Company: A Journey to China, London: Jonathan Cape, 1946, p. 219Google Scholar.

²⁴³ ‘Xiaoxia tongxun’, Lüxing zazhi, p. 151; and Beiyang huabao, 653 (21 July 1931), p. 2.

²⁴⁴ ‘Xiaoxia tongxun’, Lüxing zazhi, p. 151.

²⁴⁵ Mingzheng, Shi, ‘From Imperial Gardens to Public Parks: The Transformation of Urban Space in Early Twentieth-Century Beijing’, Modern China, 24.3 (July 1998), p. 225Google Scholar.

²⁴⁶ See Goodman, Bryna, ‘Improvisations on a Semicolonial Theme, or, How to Read a Celebration of Transnational Urban Community’, The Journal of Asian Studies, 59.4 (November 2000), pp. 915–916CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁴⁷ See Dikötter, Frank, The Age of Openness: China before Mao, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2010, pp. 2–3Google Scholar.

²⁴⁸ Rogaski, Ruth, Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-Port China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2004, p. 13Google Scholar.

²⁴⁹ David Field, Andrew, Shanghai's Dancing World: Cabaret Culture and Urban Politics, 1919–1954, Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2010, pp. 50–82Google Scholar.

²⁵⁰ Ibid., pp. 50–51, 82, 117.

²⁵¹ See, for example, ‘Lüxing daode’, Yousheng, July 1923, n.p.; and Silin, Sun, ‘Meiguoren de lüxing re’, Lüxing zazhi, 10.8 (August 1936), p. 85Google Scholar.

²⁵² Shi, ‘From Imperial Gardens to Public Parks’, p. 247.

²⁵³ Bai, Meng, ‘Haibin yuchang’, Lüxing zazhi, 10.8 (August 1936), p. 9Google Scholar.

²⁵⁴ On the late Ming, see Brook, Timothy, ‘Communications and Commerce’, in Twitchett, Denis and Mote, Frederick W. (eds), The Cambridge History of China. Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 624–625Google Scholar.

²⁵⁵ Wang Liping, ‘Paradise for Sale: Urban Space and Tourism in the Social Transformation of Hangzhou, 1589–1937’, PhD thesis, University of California, San Diego, 1997, p. 45.

²⁵⁶ Strassberg, Richard E., Inscribed Landscapes: Travel Writing from Imperial China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1994, pp. 5–7Google Scholar.

²⁵⁷ For views that have questioned the traditional and modern polarity, see Duara, Prasenjit, Rescuing History from the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China, Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press, 1995, p. 54CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Cohen, Paul A., China Unbound: Evolving Perspectives on the Chinese Past, London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003, pp. 48–49Google Scholar, 64–75.