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⁴ Walthall, Anne, ‘Village Networks: Sōdai and the Sale of Edo Nightsoil,’ Monumenta Nipponica 43.3 (Autumn 1988).Google Scholar

⁵ For translations of Japanese government regulations on local government during the first half of the Meiji period, see McLaren, W. W., ‘Japanese Government Documents,’ Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, First Series no. 42 (1914).Google Scholar

⁶ Fukujū, Unō and Takaki, Watanabe, ‘Meiji kokka to chihō jichi,’ in Taikei Nihon kokka shi 4 (1975), p. 211.Google Scholar

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⁹ Thompson, Roger, ‘All in a Day's Work: The Debate on Popular Assemblies at the 1875 Conference of Prefectural Officials’ (unpublished seminar paper, Yale University, 1982, provides detailed coverage of the assembly.Google Scholar

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¹⁴ Ibid., p. 314.

¹⁵ Ibid., p. 315.

¹⁶ Waters, , Japan's Local Pragmatists, p. 70.Google Scholar See also Kanagawa kenshi, shiryōhen 11 (1): kindai-gendai (1974), pp. 7–8.Google Scholar

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²⁴ Ibid., p. 190.

²⁵ Ibid., p. 191; see also Ōmachi, ‘Chihō minka,’ p. 91.Google Scholar

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²⁷ Ibid.

²⁸ Ibid., p. 200.

²⁹ Naimusho nenpō hōkokusho, vol. I, (reprint: 1982).Google Scholar

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³⁴ Ibid., pp. 211–13.

³⁵ Ibid., pp. 221–37.

³⁶ Ibid., p. 237.

³⁷ Ibid., p. 239.

³⁸ The 1890 suffrage qualifications were: (1) more than twenty-five years of age; (2) residence in a prefecture as a permanent resident for at least one year; and (3) to have paid at least 15 per annum in direct national taxes. This provides an electorate estimated at around 1.14 per cent of the total population. See Mason, R. H. P., Japan's First National Election, 1890 (Cambridge University Press, 1969), p. 30.Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ Hackett, Roger, Yamagata Aritomo (1970), p. 108.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ See Staubitz, R., ‘The Establishment of the System of Local Self-Government in Meiji Japan,’ Ph.D. dissertation, Yale, 1973 (University Microfilms), p. 62.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Tochigi kenshi, pp. 284–5.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Tochigi shinbun, Feb. 24, 1883.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Tochigi shinbun, Feb. 20, 22, 1883.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Tochigi shinbun, March 3, 1883.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Tochigi kenshi, p. 284.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Ibid., p. 285.