¹ See Lehmann, Jean-Pierre, The Image of Japan from Feudal Isolation to World Power 1850–1905 (London, 1978).Google Scholar For an earlier, brief account of Western perceptions of Japan, including British opinion, see Kiernan, V. G., The Lords of Human Kind (Harmondsworth, 1972), pp. 181–202.Google Scholar

² See Varley, H. Paul with Ivan, and Morris, Nobuko, The Samurai (Harmondsworth, 1974);Google ScholarStorry, Richard, The Way of the Samurai (London, 1978), although on pp. 8–9 he notes more recent changes of opinion on Bushidō and the samuraiGoogle Scholar; for a recent Japanese book on Bushidō see Mototaya, Nara, Bushidō no Keifu (Tokyo, 1975).Google Scholar This does not deal with opinion in Britain. Lewis, A., Knights and Samurai. Feudalism in France and Japan (London, 1974), attempts a comparison of European and Japanese feudal systems but offers little on the nature of Bushidō.Google Scholar

³ Tsunoda, Ryusaku, Bary, William Theodore de, and Keene, Donald, Sources of Japanese Tradition (New York and London, 1964), vol. I, p. 386.Google Scholar

⁴ Ibid., p. 386. See also Bellah, Robert N., Tokugawa Religion. The Values of Pre-Industrial Japan (Glencoe, Illinois, 1957), pp. 90–8.Google Scholar

⁵ Norman, E. H., Andō Shōeki and the Anatomy of Japanese Feudalism (Tokyo, 1949), vol. I, p. 108.Google Scholar

⁶ Bellah, , Tokugawa Religion, p. 98.Google Scholar

⁷ Matsuzawa, H., ‘The Rise and Fall of Bunmei-ron (Theories of Civilization)’, unpublished MS. Paper given at the Japan Foundation Seminar at St Antony's College, Oxford, November 1978.Google Scholar

⁸ Masamichi, Asukai, Kindai no Choryū (Tokyo, 1976), pp. 72–4.Google Scholar

⁹ Brown, Delmer M., Nationalism in Japan: An Introductory Historical Analysis (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1955), pp. 137–8.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Storry, , The Way of the Samurai, p. 8, notes the major impact of Nitobe in relation to ideas on Bushidō.Google Scholar

¹¹ Buckle, T. H., History of Civilization in England (London, 1903 edn), vol. I, pp. 30–113. This book, first published in 1857, had a profound influence on Meiji intellectuals.Google Scholar

¹² Nish, Ian H., The Anglo-Japanese Alliance: The Diplomacy of Two Island Empires 1894–1907 (London, 1966)Google Scholar and his Alliance in Decline: A Study of Anglo-Japanese Relations 1908–1923 (London, 1972), discuss Anglo-Japanese relations during the years with which we are concerned.Google Scholar

¹³ Masamichi, Asukai, Kindai no Choryū, pp. 90–5.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Takayoshi, Matsuo, Taisho Demokurashii (Tokyo, 1974), p. 38.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Searle, G. R., The Quest for National Efficiency. A Study in British Politics and Political Thought 1899–1914 (Oxford, 1971), provides the ambience of these years.Google Scholar

¹⁶ The Spectator, 16 August 1902.Google Scholar

¹⁷ For comment on Rosebery's involvement in the efficiency movement see James, Robert Rhodes, Rosebery (London, 1963), p. 453.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Gilbert, Bentley B., The Evolution of National Insurance in Great Britain (London, 1973 edn), is valuable on the atmosphere of the time.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Searle, , The Quest for National Efficiency, pp. 55–9.Google Scholar

²⁰ Ibid., p. 57.

²¹ Nitobé, Inazo, Bushido. The Soul of Japan (New York and London, 1907 edn), p. XXI.Google Scholar

²² Ibid., p. 172.

²³ Nitobé, Inazo, The Japanese Nation. Its Land, Its People, Its Life (New York and London, 1912), p. 78.Google Scholar See also Okakura, Kakuzo, The Awakening of Japan (London, 1905), p. 171.Google Scholar

²⁴ Reported in The Times, 25 January 1905. Graham Wallas was in the chair.Google Scholar

²⁵ Okakura, Y., The Japanese Spirit (London, 1905), p. 100.Google Scholar Nitobe's work was also influential in giving Westerners the impression that Bushidō was extremely important in accounting for Japan's military successes. See his qualified comment in Nitobe, The Japanese Nation, p. 324. At a much more popular level the idea was also put forward in Sakurai, T., Human Bullets. A Soldier's Story of Port Arthur (London, 1907), p. 127.Google Scholar

²⁶ Apart from the works already mentioned, Okuma, Shigenobu (ed.), Fifty Years of New Japan (London: Kraus reprint 1970), vol. I, p. 238 contains a similar stress.Google Scholar

²⁷ Suyematsu, K., The Risen Sun (London, 1905), pp. 186–93, 206 contains a discussion of Bushidō.Google Scholar

²⁸ Luvaas, Jay, The Education of an Army (London, 1965), p. 196.Google ScholarBut see Punch, 29 December 1894 and 27 April 1895, for some appreciation of Japanese prowess outside these circles.Google Scholar

²⁹ Amery, L. S., My Political Life (London, 1953), vol. I, p. 218.Google Scholar See also Repington, Charles A'Court, Vestigia (London, 1919), pp. 252–3.Google Scholar For details on Repington's life see The Concise Dictionary of National Biography, 1901–1950 (Oxford, 1961), p. 363.Google Scholar

³⁰ Amery, , My Political Life, p. 218.Google Scholar

³¹ The Times, 4 October 1904.Google Scholar

³² The War in the Far East 1904–1905. By the Military Correspondent of The Times (London, 1905), chapter XXXIII.Google Scholar

³³ SirHamilton, Ian, A Staff Officer's Scrapbook during the Russo-Japanese War (London, 1905), p. 13.Google Scholar See also the article by Captain Barrett, Ashley W., ‘Lessons to be learned by Regimental Officers from the Russo-Japanese War’, Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, LI (07-12 1907), p. 799, for further military comment on the importance of Bushidō.Google Scholar

³⁴ Wyatt, H. F., God's Test by War (London, 1912), pp. 9, 14. None of the comments we have been considering gave any credence to the Yellow Peril arising out of Japanese military prowess. This is the reverse side of what is being discussed here and, as yet, it is inadequately studied.Google Scholar The best account is Gollwitzer, H., Die Gelbe Gefahr: Denken zum Imperialistischen Schlagworts (Göttingen, 1962), pp. 47–67.Google Scholar

³⁵ Emerson, E., ‘Japan at War’, Contemporary Review 86 (1904), p. 16.Google Scholar

³⁶ See also Redesdale, Lord, The Garter Mission to Japan (London, 1906), p. 64 for reference to the importance of Bushidō.Google Scholar

³⁷ The Times, 30 August 1905. This was written by John Woulfe Flanagan.Google Scholar

³⁸ On Stead, see Who Was Who 1929–1940 (London, 1941), p. 1283.Google ScholarStead was the son of W. T. Stead, the well-known editor of the Pall Mall Gazette. He escapes any mention in Lehmann, The Image of Japan.Google Scholar

³⁹ Stead, Alfred, ‘Japan in the Far East’, Fortnightly Review, 78 (1905), p. 597.Google ScholarThe emphasis was also made in Suyematsu, The Risen Sun, p. 317.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Diary, Beatrice Webb MS. vol. 24, 1904, p. 62.Google Scholar

⁴¹ For comment on the Far East tour see Winter, J. M., ‘The Webbs and the Non White World: A Case of Socialist Racialism’, Journal of Contemporary History, IX (1974), pp. 181–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴² Dalton, Hugh, Call Back Yesterday (London, 1953), p. 131.Google Scholar

⁴³ Diary, Beatrice Webb MS., vol. 51, 1937, p. 101.Google Scholar The longer term consequences of such expansion and the role of Bushidō and the samurai in it are the concern of Lord Russell of Liverpool, The Knights of Bushido (London, 1958), a work which, together with the Kurosawa's film, ‘The Seven Samurai’, and Yukio Mishima's ritual suicide, has provided many contemporary Westerners with their impressions of Bushidō and the samurai tradition.Google Scholar The samurai image in the cinema is discussed in Silver, A., Samurai Film (New York, 1977).Google Scholar A good indication of Mishima's interest in the samurai tradition is provided in his evocative essay, Taiyō To Hagane, published in translation as Sun and Steel (London, 1971).Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Webb, Beatrice, Our Partnership, edited by Drake, Barbara and Cole, Margaret I. (London, 1948), p. 400.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ SirLodge, Oliver, Public Service versus Private Expenditure. Fabian Tract. No. 121 (London, 1907), p. 10.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Ibid., p. 11.

⁴⁷ Communication of 17 April 1905.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Wells, H. G., A Modern Utopia (London, 1905), pp. 251, 273.Google Scholar For a critique of Wells's scheme see Hobson, J. A., ‘The New Aristocracy of Mr Wells’, Contemporary Review, LXXXIX (1906), pp. 487–97.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ See her article, ‘East London Labour’, Nineteenth Century XXIV (1888), pp. 176–7, for a graphic, early exposition of this.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Beatrice Webb, My Apprenticeship, illustrates in a number of places, the thoughts of someone desperately searching for spiritual guidance. The phrase ‘consciousness of sin’ appears in Ibid (London, 1926 edn), p. 206.

⁵¹ See above p. 318.Google Scholar

⁵² Lodge, , Public Service, p. 11.Google Scholar

⁵³ This point is developed by Professor Robert Skidelsky in his paper on the Fabians, given in the University of Sheffield in the autumn of 1978. See also his review of Peter Clarke, Liberals and Social Democrats, in New Society, 11 January 1979. See below p. 326 for further comment on the relationship between Christianity and Bushidō.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Searle, , The Quest for National Efficiency, p. 59.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ See Sidney, and Webb, Beatrice, Soviet Communism. A New Civilization? (London, 1935), for their final views on Russia.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Stead, Alfred, ‘The Japanese Ethical Code’, Monthly Review, XIV (1904), pp. 52–62Google Scholar, was very much influenced by Nitobe and in Stead's, edited book, Japan by the Japanese (London, 1904), the section on Bushidō was contributed by Nitobe.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Stead, Alfred, Great Japan. A Study of National Efficiency (London, 1906), pp. 38, 42, 57.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ For earlier reference to Rosebery see above p. 314. Such views emphasized the placing of country above class, and support from non-socialist sources for this, and the role which Bushidō and the samurai played in it was also present in Ivanovich, , ‘Japan, Russia and France’, Contemporary Review, 86 (1904), p. 673.Google Scholar Repington's famous article in The Times, 4 October 1904 also stressed this, as did Lloyd, Arthur, Every Day Japan (London, 1909), p. 16.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Knox, G. W., Imperial Japan (London, 1905), pp. 57–8.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Dyer, Henry, Dai Nippon. The Britain of the East (London, 1904), pp. 31–3Google Scholar; see also his Japan in World Politics (London, 1909).Google Scholar

⁶¹ Norman, F. J., The Fighting Man of Japan. The Training and Exercises of the Samurai (London, 1905), p. 3.Google Scholar

⁶² Longford, J. H., The Evolution of New Japan (Cambridge, 1913), p. 12.Google Scholar

⁶³ The Athenaeum, 3 September 1904, p. 316. This is a useful critique of the significance given to Bushidō by Nitobe and his disciples. For Nitobe's admission, see The Japanese Nation, p. 324.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ For a full discussion of this see Ion, A. Hamish, ‘British and Canadian Missionaries in the Japanese Empire, 1905–1925’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Sheffield, 1978, vol. I, pp. 212–15.Google Scholar What is referred to here is Imai's argument. For a fuller discussion by Imai of Bushidō, see his work, Bushido: in the Past and in the Present (Tokyo, 1906).Google Scholar A similar view to Imai's was put forward by Kanzō Uchimura (1863–1930), one of the most famous Japanese Christians, who remarked in 1920 that,‘Bushidō is the finest Product of Japan. But Bushidō by itself cannot save Japan. Christianity grafted upon Bushidō will be the finest product of the world. It will save not only Japan, but the whole world’. See Kanzō, Uchimura, ‘Bushidō and Christianity’, in his Zenshū, Eibun Chosaku (Tokyo, 1971–1973), vol. III, p. 56.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ See the correspondence in The Times 2 October 1905. For comments on Awdry's views see Ibid., 7 October 1905. There was a letter from Suyematsu in Ibid., 18 November 1905, in reply to Awdry.

⁶⁶ For details on Chamberlain see Who Was Who 1929–1940 (London, 1941), p. 235.Google Scholar He was the brother of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, whose work became centrally integrated into Nazi philosophy. For the part played by Basil Chamberlain in obtaining an English outlet for his brother's most famous work, Die Grundlagen des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, see Holmes, Colin, ‘Houston Stewart Chamberlain in Great Britain’, Wiener Library Bulletin, XXIV (1970), pp. 31–6. In this task it is interesting to note that Basil Chamberlain enlisted the help of Lord Redesdale. See above note 36.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Chamberlain, Basil Hal., The Invention of a New Religion (London, 1912), particularly pp. 6 and 14. See above p. 310 for reference to the first systematic exposition of Bushidō.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ The Porcupine, 31 May 1862 pp. 67, 70, and 7 June 1862, pp. 73–4.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Comment appearing in Chirol, Valentine, The Far Eastern Question (London, 1896), p. 225.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ See the useful article by Lant, Jeffrey L. in The Times, 23 July 1977.Google Scholar

⁷¹ See H.O.45 10533/150939 in the Public Record Office. Arnold, Edwin in East and West (London, 1896), p. 275 had commented earlier that ‘Mr Gilbert and Sir Arthur Sullivan have…something to answer for, by reason of their lively misrepresentations of Japan in the comic opera entitled “The Mikado”.’Google Scholar

⁷² Ransome, Stafford, Japan in Transition (London, 1899) was concerned with the economic transition of Japan from a feudal society to a major power.Google Scholar

⁷³ Graphically illustrated in relation to military matters by two cartoons in Punch ‘A Lesson in Patriotism’ (6 July 1904) and ‘Banzai’ (7 June 1905).Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Crosland, T. W. H., The Truth about Japan (London, 1904), p. 9.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Norman, Henry, The People and Politics of the Far East (London, 1895), p. 375.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Nitobe, , Bushidō, pp. 173–4.Google Scholar