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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 August 2019
1 Kyle Dropp and Brendan Nyhan, “Nearly Half of Americans Don't Know Puerto Ricans Are Fellow Citizens,” New York Times, Sept. 26, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/26/upshot/nearly-half-of-americans-dont-know-people-in-puerto-ricoans-are-fellow-citizens.html. Such ignorance mirrors, and in part stems from, the absence of any substantial information about Puerto Rico and Puerto Ricans or the past and present colonial relationship between the United States and the archipelago in major U.S. history textbooks. See Gosse, Van, “United States History Textbooks and Puerto Rican History,” Modern American History 2, no. 2 (Jul. 2019): 179–182Google Scholar.
2 If Puerto Ricans move to the United States, however, they can vote in federal, state, and local elections.
3 Members of the Nationalist Party took an oath to give their “vida y hacienda” to achieve national sovereignty.
4 José Paralitici, “Imprisonment and Colonial Domination, 1898–1958,” in Puerto Rico under Colonial Rule. Political Persecution and the Quest for Human Rights, eds. Ramón Bosque-Pérez and José Javier Colón Morera (Albany, NY, 2006), 67–80, here 71.
5 “El Lcdo. Pedro Albizu Campos fue electo presidente del Partido Nacionalista de Puerto Rico,” El Mundo, May 13, 1930, 1, reprinted in Torres, J. Benjamín, Pedro Albizu Campos: Obras Escogidas, vol. 1, (San Juan, PR, 1975), 86Google Scholar.
6 See Power, Margaret, “Women, Gender, and the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party,” in Gendering Nationalism: Intersections of Nation, Gender, and Sexuality, ed. Mulholland, Jon, Montagna, Nicola, and Sanders-McDonagh, Erin (London, 2018), 129–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
7 Hays, Arthur Garfield, Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico (New York, 1937)Google Scholar. Hays, General Counsel of the American Civil Liberties Union, headed the inquiry.
8 Power, Margaret, “Friends and Comrades: Political and Personal Relationships between Members of the Communist Party USA and the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, 1930s–1940s,” in Making the Revolution: Histories of the Latin American Left, ed. Young, Kevin A. (New York, 2019), 105–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar.