Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 June 2018
1 To understand how much of urban African American rumor and folklore is dominated by “metaphors linking the fate of the black race to the fates of black bodies,” see Turner, Patricia, I Heard It through the Grapevine: Rumor in African-American Culture (Berkeley, CA, 1993)Google Scholar.
2 Giddings, Paula, When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (New York, 1984), 17–30Google Scholar.
3 Curtis, Edward E. IV, Black Muslim Religion in the Nation of Islam, 1960–1975 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006), 96–8Google Scholar.
4 Ibid., 98–109.
5 Ibid., 105–9.
6 Ibid., 114.
7 McGuire, Danielle L., At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance—A New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power (New York, 2011)Google Scholar.
8 Curtis, Black Muslim Religion, 118–30.
9 Ibid., 132–53.
10 See further McCloud, Sean, Making the American Religious Fringe: Exotics, Subversives, and Journalists, 1955–1993 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2004), 55–94Google Scholar.
11 Von Eschen, Penny M., Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937–1957 (Ithaca, NY, 1997), 174Google Scholar.
12 See Marable, Manning, Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention (New York, 2011)Google Scholar.
13 Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Nation of Islam,” Central Research Section, Federal Bureau of Investigation, October 1960, 61–2, in “Nation of Islam Part 1 of 3,” FBI Records: The Vault, https://vault.fbi.gov/Nation%20of%20Islam/Nation%20of%20Islam%20Part%201%20of%203/view (accessed Dec. 18, 2017).
14 Ibid., 60.
15 Curtis, Edward E. IV, “The Black Muslim Scare of the Twentieth Century: The History of State Islamophobia and Post-9/11 Variations,” in Islamophobia in America: The Anatomy of Intolerance, ed. Ernst, Carl W., (New York, 2013), 75–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
16 A useful introduction to the dominance of public Protestantism can be found in Albanese, Catherine L., America: Religions and Religion, 3rd ed. (Belmont, CA, 1999), 396–431Google Scholar. See also Handy, Robert T., A Christian America: Protestant Hopes and Historical Realities, 2nd ed. (New York, 1984)Google Scholar; Marty, Martin E., Protestantism in the United States: Righteous Empire, 2nd ed. (New York, 1986)Google Scholar; and Tuveson, Ernest Lee, Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America's Millennial Role (Chicago, 1968)Google Scholar.