Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T23:50:07.639Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Zoned Ca-amphiboles and related P-T evolution in metabasites from the classical Barrovian metamorphic zones in Scotland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2018

M. Zenk  and
B. Schulz
M. Zenk
Affiliation:
Institut für Geologie und Mineralogie, Schloßgarten 5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
B. Schulz*
Affiliation:
Institut für Geologie und Mineralogie, Schloßgarten 5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
*
*E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Metabasites in the Dalradian Argyll and Southern Highland Groups experienced multiphase deformation and coeval Barrovian-type prograde and retrograde metamorphism during the Caledonian Grampian orogeny. Metamorphic Ca-amphiboles crystallized with plagioclase,epidote,chlorite and quartz, and sometimes with garnet and clinopyroxene. The minor changes in metabasite mineral assemblages and systematic mineral-chemical variations in Ca-amphibole confirm the classical concept of increasing metamorphic grade in metapelitic Chlorite to Sillimanite zones. In the Chlorite zone, high-Ti brown amphibole enclosed by green Ca-amphibole is interpreted as a magmatic relic. In the Chlorite, Biotite,Garnet and Andalusite zones, Ca-amphibole displays zonation with actinolite in cores and magnesio-hornblende to tschermakite in rims. Poor amphibole zonations occur in the Kyanite and Sillimanite zones. Ca-amphibole zonations are best described in terms of IVAl, VIAl and Ti which semiquantitatively monitor temperature and pressure changes. Maximal IVAl in amphibole increase with metamorphic grade. Empirically calibrated amphibole equilibria enabled us to reconstruct coherent prograde P-T paths and maximal P and T from the mineral zones; with Tmax of 680±50°C in the Sillimanite zone and Pmax of 8±1.2 kbar in the Kyanite zone. Prograde P-T paths indicate that elevated geothermal gradients should be considered even at the beginning of the Grampian Barrovian metamorphism.

Keywords

amphibolemetabasitesmineral chemistryAl-TimetamorphismgeothermobarometryBarroviaDalradianScotland
Type
Research Article
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 68 , Issue 5 , October 2004 , pp. 769 - 786
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderton, R. (1985) Sedimentation and tectonics in the Scottish Dalradian. Scottish Journal of Geology, 21, 407–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, A.J. (1985) Pressures and temperatures of metamorphism in eastern Dalradian. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 142, 137–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrow, G. (1893) On an intrusion of muscovite-biotite gneiss in the southeast Highlands of Scotland and its accompanying metamorphism. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 19, 33–58.Google Scholar
Barrow, G. (1912) On the geology of Lower Dee-side and the southern Highland Border. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 23, 275–290.Google Scholar
Barrow, G., Wilson, J.G. and Cunningham-Craig, E.H. (1905) Geology of the country round Blair Atholl, Pitlochry and Aberfeldy. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Scotland, 55, 161 pp.Google Scholar
Blundy, J.D. and Holland, T.J.B. (1990) Calcic amphibole equilibria and a new amphibole-plagioclase geothermometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 104, 208–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, E.H. (1977) The crossite content of Caamphibole as a guide to pressure of metamorphism. Journal of Petrology, 18, 53–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chivas, A.R. (1981) Geochemical evidence for magmatic fluids in porphyry copper mineralization. Part I. Mafic silicates from the Koloula Igneous Complex. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78, 389–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colombi, A. (1989) Métamorphisme et géochimie des roches mafiques des Alpes oueste-centrales (géoprofil Viège-Domodossola-Locarno). Mémoires de Géologie, 4, 1–216, Lausanne.Google Scholar
Cornejo, P.C. and Mahood, G.A. (1997) Seeing past the effects of re-equilibration to reconstruct magmatic gradients in plutons; La Gloria Pluton, central Chilean Andes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 127, 159–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czamanske, G.K., Ishihara, S. and Atkin, S.A. (1981) Chemistry of rock-forming minerals of the Cretaceous-Paleogene batholith in southwestern Japan and implications for magma genesis. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86, 10431–10469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. and Zussman, J. (1992) An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd edition. Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex, UK, 696 pp.Google Scholar
Dempster, T.J. (1985) Garnet zoning and metamorphism of the Barrovian Type Area, Scotland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 89, 30–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, T.J. and Bluck, B.J. (1995) Regional metamorphism in transform zones during supercontinent breakup: Late Proterozoic events of the Scottish Highlands. Geology, 23, 991–994.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, T.J. and Harte, B. (1986) Polymetamorphism in the Dalradian of the Central Scottish Highlands. Geological Magazine, 123, 95–104.Google Scholar
Fettes, D.J., Long, C.B., Bevins, R.E., Max, M.D., Oliver, G.J.H., Primmer, T.J. and Thomas, L.J. (1985) Grade and time of metamorphism in the Caledonide orogen of Britain and Ireland. Pp. 41–53 in: The Nature and Timing of Orogenic Activity in the Caledonian Rocks of the British Isles (Harris, A.L., editor). Memoir 9, Geological Society of London.Google Scholar
Gerya, T.V., Perchuk, L.L., Triboulet, C., Audren, C. and Sez'ko, A.I. (1997) Petrology of the Tumanshet Zonal Metamorphic Complex, Eastern Sayan. Petrology, 5/6, 503–533.Google Scholar
Goodman, S. and Winchester, J.A. (1993) Geochemical variations within metavolcanic rocks of the Dalradian Farragon Beds and adjacent formations. Scottish Journal of Geology, 29, 131–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, C.M. (1974) Metabasite amphiboles of the Scottish Dalradian. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 47, 165–185Google Scholar
Graham, C.M. (1976) Petrochemistry and tectonic significance of Dalradian metabasaltic rocks of the SW Scottish Highlands. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 132, 61–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, C.M. and Bradbury, H.J. (1981) Cambrian and late Precambrian basaltic igneous activity in the Scottish Dalradian: a review. Geological Magazine, 118/1, 27–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, C.M. and Powell, R. (1984) A garnet-hornblende geothermometer: calibration, testing and application to the Pelona schist, Southern California. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2, 13–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, A.N., Graham, C.M., Aftalion, M. and Dymoke, P. (1989) The depositional age of the Dalradian Supergroup: U-Pb and Sm-Nd isotopic studies of the Tayvallich volcanics, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 146, 3–6.Google Scholar
Harte, B. (1988) Lower Palaeozoic metamorphism in the Moine-Dalradian belt of the British Isles. Pp. 123–134 in: The Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen (Harris, A.L. and Fettes, D.J., editors). Special Publication 38, Geological Society of London.Google Scholar
Harte, B. and Hudson, N.F.C. (1979) Pelite facies series and the temperatures and pressures of Dalradian metamorphism. Pp. 323–337 in: The Caledonian of the British Isles – reviewed (Harris, A.L., Holland, C.H. and Leake, B.E., editors). Special Publication 8, Geological Society of London.Google Scholar
Holland, T.J.B. (1980) The reaction albite = jadeite + quartz determined experimentally in the range 600–1200°C. American Mineralogist, 65, 129–134.Google Scholar
Holland, T. and Blundy, J. (1994) Non-ideal interactions in calcic amphiboles and their bearing on amphibole-plagioclase thermometry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 116, 443–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, T.J.B. and Richardson, S.W. (1979) Amphibole zonation in metabasites as a guide to the evolution of metamorphic conditions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 70, 143–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jamieson, R.A., Beaumont, C., Fullsack, P. and Lee, B. (1998) Barrovian regional metamorphism: where's the heat. Pp. 23–51 in: What Drives Metamorphism and Metamorphic Reactions? (Treloar, P.J. and O'Brien, P.J., editors). Special Publication 138, Geological Society of London.Google Scholar
Johnson, M.R.W. (1991) Dalradian. Pp. 125–151 in: Geology of Scotland (Craigh, G.Y., editor). Geological Society, London.Google Scholar
Kitamura, M., Tokonami, M. and Morimoto, N. (1975) Distribution of titanium atoms in oxy-kaersutite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 51, 167–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohn, M.J. and Spear, F.S. (1990) Two new geobarometers for garnet amphibolites, with applications to southeastern Vermont. American Mineralogist, 75, 89–96.Google Scholar
Krabbendam, M., Leslie, A.G., Crane, A. and Goodman, S. (1997) Generation of the Tay Nappe, Scotland: by large-scale SE-directed shearing. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 154, 15–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, J. and Albee, A.L. (1981) Pressure, temperature, and time indicators in mafic schist: their application to reconstructing the polymetamorphic history of Vermont. American Journal of Science, 281, 127–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leake, B.E. (1965) The relationship between tetrahedral aluminium and the maximum possible octahedral aluminium in natural calciferous and subcalciferous amphiboles. American Mineralogist, 50, 843–854.Google Scholar
Leake, B.E., Woolley, A.R., Arps, C.E.S., Birch, W.D., Gilbert, M.C., Grice, J.D., Hawthorne, F.C., Kato, F.C., Kisch, H.J., Krichovichev, V.G., Linthout, K., Laird, J., Mandarino, J.A., Maresch, W.V., Nickel, E.H., Rock, N.M.S., Schumacher, J.C., Smith, D.C., Stephenson, N.C.N., Ungaretti, L., Whittaker, E.J.W. and Youzhi, G. (1997) Nomenclature of amphiboles: report of the subcommittee on amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association, commission on new minerals and mineral names. American Mineralogist, 82, 1019–1037.Google Scholar
Papike, J.J., Cameron, K.C. and Baldwin, K. (1974) Amphiboles and pyroxenes: characterisation of other than quadrilateral components and estimate of ferric iron from microprobe data. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 6, 1053–1054.Google Scholar
Pe-Piper, G. (1988) Calcic amphiboles of mafic rocks of the Jeffers Brook plutonic complex, Nova Scotia, Canada. American Mineralogist, 73, 993–1006.Google Scholar
Perchuk, L.L. (1990) Derivation of a thermodynamically consistent geothermometer and barometer for metamorphic and magmatic rocks. Pp. 93–111 in: Progress in Metamorphic and Magmatic Petrology, (Perchuk, L.L., editor). Cambridge University Press, UK.Google Scholar
Phillips, F.C. (1930) Some mineralogical and chemical changes induced by progressive metamorphism in the Green Bed Group of the Scottish Dalradian. Mineralogical Magazine, 22, 239–256.Google Scholar
Plyusnina, L.P. (1982) Geothermometry and geobarometry of plagioclase-hornblende bearing assemblages. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 80, 140–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raase, P. (1974) Al and Ti contents of hornblende, indicators of pressure and temperature of regional metamorphism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 45, 231–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raith, M. (1976) The Al-Fe(III) epidote miscibility gap in a metamorphic profile through the Penninic Series of the Tauern Window, Austria. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 57, 99–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravna, E.K. (2000) Distribution of Fe2+ and Mg between coexisting garnet and hornblende in synthetic and natural systems: an empirical calibration of the garnet-hornblende Fe-Mg geothermometer. Lithos, 53, 265–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, P.T.S. and Harris, A.L. (2000) Evidence for the Lower Palaeozoic age of the Tay Nappe: the timing and nature of Grampian events in the Scottish Highland sector of the Laurentian Margin. Journal of the Geological Society, 157, 381–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulz, B., Triboulet, C. and Audren, C. (1995) Microstructures and mineral chemistry in amphibolites from the western Tauern Window (Eastern Alps), and P-T-deformation paths of the Alpine greenschist-amphibolite facies metamorphism. Mineralogical Magazine, 59, 641–659.Google Scholar
Schulz, B., Triboulet, C., Audren, C., Pfeifer, H.-R. and Gilg, A. (2001) Two-stage prograde and retrograde Variscan metamorphism of glaucophane-eclogites, blueschists and greenschists from Ile de Groix (Brittany, France). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 90, 871–889.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivaprakash, C. (1981) Chemographic analysis of metabasite assemblages from central Scottish Highlands. Lithos, 14, 29–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivaprakash, C. (1982) Geothermometry and geobarometry of Dalradian metapelites and metabasites from Central Scottish Highlands. Scottish Journal of Geology, 18, 109–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spear, F.S. (1980) NaSi-CaAl exchange equilibrium between plagioclase and amphibole: an empirical model. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 80, 140–146.Google Scholar
Spear, F.S. (1993) Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths. Monograph Series 1, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington D.C., 799 pp.Google Scholar
Stephenson, D. and Gould, D. (1995) British Regional Geology: the Grampian Highlands (4th edition). HMSO, British Geological Survey, 261 pp.Google Scholar
Strachan, R.A., Harris, A.L., Fettes, D.J. and Smith, M. (2002) The Highland and Grampian terranes. Pp. 81–148 in: The Geology of Scotland (Trewin, N.H., editor). The Geological Society, London.Google Scholar
Tilley, C.E. (1925) A preliminary survey of metamorphic zones in the southern Highlands of Scotland. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 81, 100–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Triboulet, C (1992) The (Na-Ca)amphibole-albitechlorite-epidote-quartz geothermobarometer in the system S-A-F-M-C-N-H2O. 1. An empirical calibration. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 10, 545–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Triboulet, C. and Audren, C. (1988) Controls on P-T-t deformation path from amphibole zonations during progressive metamorphism of basic rocks (estuary of the River Vilaine, South Brittany, France). Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 6, 117–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Triboulet, C., Thiéblemont, D. and Audren, C. (1992) The (Na-Ca)amphibole-albite-chlorite-epidotequartz geothermobarometer in the system S-A-FM- C-N-H2O. 2. Applications to metabasic rocks in different metamorphic settings. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 10, 557–566.Google Scholar
van de Kamp, P.C. (1970) The Green Beds of the Scottish Dalradian Series: Geochemistry, origin and metamorphism of mafic sediments. Journal of Geology, 78, 281–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, J.R. and Leake, B.E. (1972) The petrochemistry of the epidiorites of the Tayvallich Peninsula, North Knapdale, Argyllshire. Scottish Journal of Geology, 8, 215–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiseman, J.D.H. (1934) The central and south-west Highland epidiorites: a study in progressive metamorphism. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 90, 354–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zenk, M. (2001) Mikrostrukturen, Mineralchemie und Geothermobarometrie der Metabasite in den Mineralzonen nach Barrow im schottischen Dalradian (Microstructures, mineral chemistry and geothermobarometry of metabasites from Barrow's mineral zones in the Dalradian of Scotland). Erlanger geologische Abhandlungen, 133, 1–199 (publication of thesis).Google Scholar