Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T13:03:51.820Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The state of platinum in pyrrhotite: X-ray absorption spectroscopy study and implications for the role of Fe sulfides as platinum carriers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 October 2021

Olga N. Filimonova ,
Alexander L. Trigub ,
Maximilian S. Nickolsky ,
Dmitriy A. Chareev ,
Kristina O. Kvashnina ,
Elena V. Kovalchuk ,
Ilya V. Vikentyev ,
Vladimir L. Reukov  and
Boris R. Tagirov Open the ORCID record for Boris R. Tagirov [Opens in a new window]
Olga N. Filimonova
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry (IGEM RAS), 35, Staromonetnyi per., 119017Moscow, Russia
Alexander L. Trigub
Affiliation:
National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Akademika Kurchatova pl., 123182Moscow, Russia
Maximilian S. Nickolsky
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry (IGEM RAS), 35, Staromonetnyi per., 119017Moscow, Russia
Dmitriy A. Chareev
Affiliation:
Institute of Experimental Mineralogy (IEM RAS), 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
Kristina O. Kvashnina
Affiliation:
ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, P.O. Box 510119, 01314Dresden, Germany Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
Elena V. Kovalchuk
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry (IGEM RAS), 35, Staromonetnyi per., 119017Moscow, Russia
Ilya V. Vikentyev
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry (IGEM RAS), 35, Staromonetnyi per., 119017Moscow, Russia
Vladimir L. Reukov
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry (IGEM RAS), 35, Staromonetnyi per., 119017Moscow, Russia
Boris R. Tagirov*
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry (IGEM RAS), 35, Staromonetnyi per., 119017Moscow, Russia
*
*Author for correspondence: Boris R. Tagirov, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Pyrrhotite Fe1–xS is the main sulfide component of platinum-group element (PGE) ores and commonly contains from a few tenths to a few dozen ppm of disseminated Pt. Here we report an X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigation into the state of Pt in synthetic pyrrhotite in combination with theoretical spectra modelling. The pyrrhotite crystals were obtained by means of the salt flux technique, using a eutectic mixture of alkali metal halides as the transport media. Analysis of the chemical composition of synthesised crystals showed that an increase of the temperature and sulfur fugacity yields higher concentrations of Pt in pyrrhotite. The Pt content reached 0.6 wt.% at the maximum temperature and sulfur fugacity (t = 720°C, log $f_{{\rm S}_ 2}$ = –0.1) achieved in a Pt-saturated system. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis of Pt L3-edge spectra revealed that Pt is present in pyrrhotite in the 4+ and 2+ ‘formal’ oxidation states. Theoretical modelling of XANES and interpretation of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra showed that Pt4+ substitutes for Fe in the crystal lattice of pyrrhotite, whereas Pt2+ forms PtS-like clusters disseminated in the pyrrhotite matrix. Atoms of isomorphous Pt4+ are surrounded by 6 S atoms at a distance of 2.39 ± 0.02 Å. According to theoretical simulations using the FDMNES program, the second coordination sphere of the solid-solution Pt contains one vacancy in the Fe sublattice within the Fe-layer. The Pt2+S-like clusters can be considered as a quench product. High sulfur fugacity stabilises the solid-solution Pt and prevents the formation of the PtS-like clusters during cooling. The maximum content of the solid-solution Pt in pyrrhotite is ca. 50 times lower than in pyrite and can be approximated by a straight line in the log C(Pt) vs. 1/T plot, it increases from 1 ppm at 350°C to 3 wt.% at 900°C.

Keywords

platinumpyrrhotitesolid solutionsolubilitycooperiteX-ray absorption spectroscopy
Type
Article
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 85 , Issue 6 , December 2021 , pp. 846 - 861
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Associate Editor: František Laufek

References

Amaral, L.F.S. (2017) The Distribution of Platinum-Group Elements and Other Chalcophile Elements Among Sulfide Minerals from the Ovoid Ore Body of the Voisey's Bay Ni-Cu Sulfide Deposit, Canada. MSc thesis, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Canada.Google Scholar
Ballhaus, C. and Ulmer, P. (1995) Platinum-group elements in the Merensky Reef: II. Experimental solubilities of platinum and palladium in Fe1–xS from 950 to 450°C under controlled ƒS2 and ƒH2. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 4881–4888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, S.J. and Ripley, E.M. (2016) Highly siderophile and strongly chalcophile elements in magmatic ore deposits. Pp. 725–774 in: Highly Siderophile and Strongly Chalcophile Elements in High Temperature Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry (Havey, J. and Day, J.M., editors). Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 81. Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society, Chantilly, Virginia, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, S.J., Cox, R.A. and Zientek, M.L. (2006) Platinum-group element, gold, silver and base metal distribution in compositionally zoned sulfide droplets from the Medvezky Creek Mine, Noril'sk, Russia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 152, 187–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, S-J., Prichard, H.M., Cox, R.A., Fisher, P.C. and Godel, B. (2008) The location of the chalcophile and siderophile elements in platinum-group element ore deposits (a textural, microbeam and whole rock geochemical study): implications for the formation of the deposits. Chemical Geology, 248, 295–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogdanov, Yu.A., Sagalevich, A.M., Gurvich, E.G., Vikent'ev, I.V., Lein, A.Yu., Pimenov, N.V., Rudenko, M.V., Peresypkin, V.I., Gordeev, V.Yu. and Voitov, D.V. (1999) Submarine geological studies at the Rainbow hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Doklady Earth Sciences, 365, 309–314.Google Scholar
Bogdanov, Yu.A., Bortnikov, N.S., Vikent'ev, I.V., Lein, A.Yu., Gurvich, E.G., Sagalevich, A.M. and Apollonov, V.N. (2002) Mineralogical-geochemical peculiarities of hydrothermal sulfide ores and fluids in the Rainbow field associated with serpentinites, Mid-Atlantic ridge (36°14' N). Geology of Ore Deposits, 44, 510–543.Google Scholar
Brostigen, G. and Kjekshus, A. (1969) Redetermined crystal structure of FeS2 (pyrite). Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 23, 2186–2188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabri, L.J. (1992) The distribution of trace precious metals in minerals and mineral products. Mineralogical Magazine, 56, 289–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabri, L.J., Sylvestor, P.L., Tubrett, M.N., Peregoedova, A. and Laflamme, J.H.G. (2003) Comparison of LAM-ICP-MS and micro-PIXE results for palladium and rhodium in selected samples of Noril'sk and Talnakh sulfides. The Canadian Mineralogist, 41, 321–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabri, L.J., Rudashevsky, N.S. and Rudashevsky, V.N. (2008) Current approaches for the process mineralogy of platinum-group element ores and tailings. 9th International Congress for Applied Mineralogy ICAM, 9–17.Google Scholar
Cabri, L.J., Choi, Y., Nelson, M., Tubrett, M. and Sylvester, P.J. (2010) Advances in precious metal trace element analyses for deportment using LA-ICPMS. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Canadian Mineral Processors Conference, 181–196.Google Scholar
Chareev, D.A. (2016) General principles of the synthesis of chalcogenides and pnictides in salt melts using a steady-state temperature gradient. Crystallography Reports, 61, 506–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chareev, D.A., Volkova, O.S., Geringer, N.V., Koshelev, A.V., Nekrasov, A.N., Osadchii, V.O., Osadchii, E.G. and Filimonova, O.N. (2016) Synthesis of chalcogenide and pnictide crystals in salt melts using a steady-state temperature gradient. Crystallography Reports, 61, 682–691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, L-M., Song, X-Y., Danyushevsky, L.V., Wang, Y-S., Tian, Y-L. and Xiao, J-F. (2015) A laser ablation ICP-MS study of platinum-group and chalcophile elements in base metal sulfide minerals of the Jinchuan Ni–Cu sulfide deposit, NW China. Ore Geology Reviews, 65, 955–967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dare, S.A., Barnes, S.J. and Prichard, H.M. (2010) The distribution of platinum group elements (PGE) and other chalcophile elements among sulfides from the Creighton Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposit, Sudbury, Canada, and the origin of palladium in pentlandite. Mineralium Deposita, 45, 765–793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dare, S.A., Barnes, S.J., Prichard, H.M. and Fisher, P.C. (2011) Chalcophile and platinum-group element (PGE) concentrations in the sulfide minerals from the McCreedy East deposit, Sudbury, Canada, and the origin of PGE in pyrite. Mineralium Deposita, 46, 381–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dare, S.A.S., Barnes, S-J., Prichard, H.M. and Fisher, P.C. (2014) Mineralogy and geochemistry of Cu-rich ores from the McCreedy East Ni–Cu–PGE Deposit (Sudbury, Canada): Implications for the behavior of platinum group and chalcophile elements at the end of crystallization of a sulfide liquid. Economic Geology, 109, 343–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Distler, V.V., Malevsky, A.Y. and Laputina, I.P. (1977) Distribution of platinoids between pyrrhotite and pentlandite during crystallization of the sulfide melt. Geokhimiya, 11, 1646–1658 [in Russian]Google Scholar
Distler, V.V., Sluzhenikin, S.F., Cabri, L.J., Krivolutskaya, N.A., Turovtsev, D.M., Golovanova, T.A., Mokhov, A.V., Knauf, V.V. and Oleshkevich, O.I. (1999) Platinum ores of the Noril'sk layered intrusions: magmatic and fluid concentration of noble metals. Geology of Ore Deposits, 41, 214–237.Google Scholar
Djon, M.L.N. and Barnes, S-J. (2012) Changes in sulfides and platinum-group minerals with the degree of alteration in the Roby, Twilight, and High Grade Zones of the Lac des Iles Complex, Ontario, Canada. Mineralium Deposita, 47, 875–896.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duran, C.J., Barnes, S-J. and Corkery, J.T. (2016) Trace element distribution in primary sulfides and Fe-Ti oxides from the sulfide-rich pods of the Lac des Iles Pd deposits, Western Ontario, Canada: Constraints on processes controlling the composition of the ore and the use of pentlandite compositions in exploration. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 166, 45–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evstigneeva, P.V., Trigub, A.L., Chareev, D.A., Nickolsky, M.S. and Tagirov, B.R. (2021) The charge state of Pt in binary compounds and synthetic minerals determined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. Minerals, 11, 79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filimonova, O.N., Nickolsky, M.S., Trigub, A.L., Chareev, D.A., Kvashnina, K.O., Kovalchuk, E.V., Vikentyev, I.V. and Tagirov, B.R. (2019) The state of platinum in pyrite studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy of synthetic crystals. Economic Geology, 114, 1649–1663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galoisy, L. (2004) X-ray absorption spectroscopy in geosciences: Information from the EXAFS region. Pp. 553–587 in: Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy (Beran, A. and Libowitzky, E., editors). EMU Notes in Mineralogy, 6.Google Scholar
Godel, B. and Barnes, S-J. (2008) Platinum-group elements in sulfide minerals and the whole rocks of the J-M Reef (Stillwater Complex): Implications for the formation of the reef. Chemical Geology, 248, 272–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godel, B., Barnes, S-J. and Maier, W.D. (2007) Platinum-group elements in sulfide minerals, platinum-group minerals, and whole-rocks of the Merensky Reef (Bushveld Complex, South Africa): Implications for the formation of the reef. Journal of Petrology, 48, 1569–1604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guda, S.A., Guda, A.A., Soldatov, M.A., Lomachenko, K.A., Bugaev, A.L., Lamberti, C., Gawelda, W., Bressler, C., Smolentsev, G., Soldatov, A.V. and Joly, Y. (2015) Optimized finite difference method for the full-potential XANES simulations: application to molecular adsorption geometries in MOFs and metal–ligand intersystem crossing transients. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 11, 4512–4521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedin, L. and Lundqvist, B.I. (1971) Explicit local exchange-correlation potentials. Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, 4, 2064.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holwell, D.A. and McDonald, I. (2007) Distribution of platinum-group elements in the Platreef at Overysel, northern Bushveld Complex: a combined PGM and LA-ICP-MS study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 154, 171–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holwell, D.A., Adeyemi, Z., Ward, L.A., Smith, D.J., Graham, S.D., McDonald, I. and Smith, J.W. (2017) Low temperature alteration of magmatic Ni–Cu–PGE sulfides as a source for hydrothermal Ni and PGE ores: A quantitative approach using automated mineralogy. Ore Geology Reviews, 91, 718–740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, D. and McDonald, I. (2008) Laser ablation ICP-MS study of platinum-group elements in sulfides from the Platreef at Turfspruit, northern limb of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Mineralium Deposita, 43, 695–711.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joly, Y. (2001) X-ray absorption near-edge structure calculations beyond the muffin-tin approximation. Physical Review, B63, 125120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, R.D., Prichard, H.M. and Ferreira Filho, C.F. (2017) Evidence for As contamination and the partitioning of Pd into pentlandite and Co + platinum group elements into pyrite in the Fazenda Mirabela Intrusion, Brazil. Economic Geology, 112, 1889–1912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Large, R.R., Maslennikov, V.V., Robert, F., Danyushevsky, L.V. and Chang, Z. (2007) Multistage sedimentary and metamorphic origin of pyrite and gold in the giant Sukhoi Log deposit, Lena gold province, Russia. Economic Geology, 102, 1233–1267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Majzlan, J., Makovicky, M., Makovicky, E. and Rose-Hansen, J. (2002) The system Fe-Pt–S at 1100°C. The Canadian Mineralogist, 40, 509–517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makovicky, M., Makovicky, E. and Rose-Hansen, J. (1988) Experimental evidence on the formation and mineralogy of platinum and palladium ore deposits. Pp. 303–317 in: Mineral Deposits within the European Community. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makovicky, E., Karup-Møller, S., Makovicky, M. and Rose-Hansen, J. (1990) Experimental studies on the phase systems Fe-Ni-Pd-S and Fe-Pt-Pd-As-S applied to PGE deposits. Mineralogy and Petrology, 42, 307–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makovicky, M., Makovicky, E. and Rose-Hansen, J. (1992) The phase system Pt–Fe–As–S at 850°C and 470°C. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Monatshefte, 10, 441–453.Google Scholar
Malevsky, A.Y., Laputina, I.P. and Distler, V.V. (1977) Behaviour of platinum metals at pyrrhotite crystallization from sulfide melt. Geochemistry, 10, 1534–1542.Google Scholar
Mansur, E.T. and Barnes, S-J. (2020) The role of Te, As, Bi, Sn and Sb during the formation of PGE deposits: examples from the Bushveld and Stillwater Complexes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 272, 235–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansur, E.T., Barnes, S.-J., Duran, C.J. and Sluzhenikin, S.F. (2020) Distribution of chalcophile and platinum-group elements among pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite and cubanite from the Noril'sk-Talnakh ores: implications for the formation of platinum-group minerals. Mineralium Deposita, 55, 1215–1232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansur, E.T., Barnes, S.-J. and Duran, C.J. (2021) An overview of chalcophile element contents of pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite and pyrite from magmatic Ni–Cu–PGE sulfide deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 56, 179–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, K.C. (1974) Thermodynamic Data for Inorganic Sulfides, Selenides and Tellurides. John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated.Google Scholar
Mottana, A. (2004) X-ray absorption spectroscopy in mineralogy: Theory and experiment in the XANES region. Pp. 465–522 in: Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy (Beran, A. and Libowitzky, E., editors). EMU Notes in Mineralogy, 6.Google Scholar
Murzin, V.V., Varlamov, D.A. and Vikentyev, I.V. (2011) Copper-cobalt mineralization of the Pyshminsk-Klyuchevsk deposit in the Middle Urals: Mineral composition of ore and metasomatites, stages, P-T conditions of mineral formation. Lithosphere, 6, 103–122 [in Russian].Google Scholar
Naumov, G.B., Ryzhenko, B.N. and Khodakovskiy, I.L. (1974) Handbook of Thermodynamic Data. Springfield, Virginia, USA.Google Scholar
Oberthür, T., Cabri, L.J., Weiser, T.J., McMahon, G. and Mueller, P. (1997) Pt, Pd and other trace elements in sulfides of the Main Sulfide Zone, Great Dyke, Zimbabwe; a reconnaissance study. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35, 597–609.Google Scholar
Osbahr, I., Klemd, R., Oberthür, T., Brätz, H. and Schouwstra, R. (2013) Platinum-group element distribution in base-metal sulfides of the Merensky Reef from the eastern and western Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Mineralium Deposita, 48, 211–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osbahr, I., Oberthür, T., Klemd, R. and Josties, A. (2014) Platinum-group element distribution in base-metal sulfides of the UG2 chromitite, Bushveld Complex, South Africa – a reconnaissance study. Mineralium Deposita, 49, 655–665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paton, C., Hellstrom, J., Paul, B., Woodhead, J. and Hergt, J. (2011) Iolite: Freeware for the visualisation and processing of mass spectrometric data. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 26, 2508–2518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piña, R., Gervilla, F., Barnes, S.J., Ortega, L. and Lunar, R. (2012) Distribution of platinum-group and chalcophile elements in the Aguablanca Ni-Cu sulfide deposit (SW Spain): evidence from a LA-ICP-MS study. Chemical Geology, 302, 61–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piña, R., Gervilla, F., Barnes, S.J., Ortega, L. and Lunar, R. (2013) Partition coefficients of platinum group and chalcophile elements between arsenide and sulfide phases as determined in the Beni Bousera Cr-Ni mineralization (North Morocco). Economic Geology, 108, 935–951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piña, R., Gervilla, F., Barnes, S.J., Oberthür, T. and Lunar, R. (2016) Platinum-group element concentrations in pyrite from the Main Sulfide Zone of the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe. Mineralium Deposita, 51, 853–872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putz, H. and Brandenburg, K. (2012) Diamond V. 3.2. Crystal Impact, Kreuzherrenstr, Bonn, Germany.Google Scholar
Ravel, B. and Newville, M. (2005) Athena, Artemis, Hephaestus: data analysis for X-ray absorption spectroscopy using IFEFFIT. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, 12, 537–541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rozhdestvina, V.I., Ivanov, A.V., Zaremba, M.A., Antsutkin, O.N. and Forsling, W. (2008) Single-crystalline cooperite (PtS): Crystal-chemical characterization, ESR spectroscopy, and 195Pt NMR spectroscopy. Crystallography Reports, 53, 391–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samalens, N., Barnes, S-J. and Sawyer, E.W. (2017) A laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry study of the distribution of chalcophile elements among sulfide phases in sedimentary and magmatic rocks of the Duluth Complex, Minnesota, USA. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 352–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shannon, R.D. (1976) Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallographica, A32, 751–767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sluzhenikin, S.F., Distler, V.V., Dyuzhikov, O.A., Kravtsov, V.F., Kunilov, V.E., Laputina, I.P. and Turovtsev, D.M. (1994) Low-sulfide platinum mineralization of the Norilsk layered intrusions. Geology of Ore Deposits, 36, 195–217 [in Russian].Google Scholar
Sluzhenikin, S.F., Distler, V.V. and Grigor'eva, A.B. (2015) Breccia ores of Oktyabrsk deposit as a perspective source of platinum metals (Norilsk district). Proceedings of the Conference on Deposits of Strategic Metals: Regularities of Location, Sources of Substance, Conditions and Mechanisms of Formation, 239–240 [in Russian].Google Scholar
Sluzhenikin, S.F., Yudovskaya, M.A., Barnes, S.J., Abramova, V.D., Le Vaillant, M., Petrenko, D.B., Grigor'eva, A.V. and Brovchenko, V.D. (2020) Low-sulfide platinum group element ores of the Norilsk-Talnakh Camp. Economic Geology, 115, 1267–1303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, J.W., Holwell, D.A. and McDonald, I. (2014) Precious and base metal geochemistry and mineralogy of the Grasvally Norite-Pyroxenite-Anorthosite (GNPA) member, northern Bushveld Complex, South Africa: implications for a multistage emplacement. Mineralium Deposita, 49, 667–692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toulmin, P. and Barton, P. (1964) A thermodynamic study of pyrite and pyrrhotite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 28, 641–671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trubač, J., Ackerman, L., Gauert, C., Ďurišová J. and Hrstka T. (2018) Platinum-group elements and gold in base metal sulfides, platinum-group minerals, and Re-Os isotope compositions of the Uitkomst Complex, South Africa. Economic Geology, 113, 439–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vikent'ev, I.V., Murzin, V.V., Prokof'ev, V.Yu., Dubinina, E.O. and Eremin, N.I. (2010) PT conditions of mineral formation and characteristics of fluid of the Pyshminsk-Klyuchevsk copper-cobalt deposit, Middle Urals. Doklady Earth Sciences, 430, 214–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vikentyev, I.V., Grabezhev, A.I., Moloshag, V.P., Novokreschenov, S.M. and Neustroeva, I.I. (2005) PGE in the ores of magnetite-copper-skarn deposits of the Urals. Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, Yekaterinburg, Russia, 2004, 328–331 [in Russian].Google Scholar
Wilson, S.A., Ridley, W.I. and Koenig, A.E. (2002) Development of sulfide calibration standards for the laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 17, 406–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wohlgemuth-Ueberwasser, C.C., Ballhaus, C., Berndt, J., Stotter née Paliulionyte V. and Meisel T. (2007) Synthesis of PGE sulfide standards for laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 154, 607–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyckoff, R.W.G. (1963) Crystal Structures. Vol. 1. Interscience Publishers, New York [pp. 85–237].Google Scholar
Yudovskaya, M.A., Kinnaird, J.A., Grobler, D.F., Costin, G., Abramova, V.D., Dunnett, T., Barnes, S-J. (2017) Zonation of Merensky-style platinum-group element mineralization in Turfspruit Thick Reef Facies (Northern Limb of the Bushveld Complex). Economic Geology, 112, 1333–1365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zabinsky, S.I., Rehr, J.J., Ankudinov, A., Albers, R.C. and Eller, M.J. (1995) Multiple-scattering calculations of X-ray-absorption spectra. Physical Review, B52, 2995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zaccarini, F., Garuti, G., Fiorentini, M.L., Locmelis, M., Kollegger, P. and Thalhammer, O.A. (2014) Mineralogical hosts of platinum group elements (PGE) and rhenium in the magmatic Ni-Fe-Cu sulfide deposits of the Ivrea Verbano Zone (Italy): an electron microprobe study. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie-Abhandlungen. Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 191, 169–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zelenski, M., Kamenetsky, V.S., Mavrogenes, J.A., Danyushevsky, L.V., Matveev, D. and Gurenko, A.A. (2017) Platinum-group elements and gold in sulfide melts from modern arc basalt (Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka). Lithos, 290–291, 172–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Tagirov et al. supplementary material

Tagirov et al. supplementary material

Download Tagirov et al. supplementary material(File)
File 1.3 MB