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Occurrence and genetic implications of hyalophane in manganese-rich iron-formation, Cuyuna Iron Range, Minnesota, USA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2018

Peter L. McSwiggen ,
G. B. Morey  and
Jane M. Cleland
Peter L. McSwiggen
Affiliation:
Minnesota Geological Survey, 2642 University Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55114, USA
G. B. Morey
Affiliation:
Minnesota Geological Survey, 2642 University Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55114, USA
Jane M. Cleland
Affiliation:
Minnesota Geological Survey, 2642 University Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55114, USA
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Abstract

The recent discovery of hyalophane [(K,Ba)Al1−2Si3−2O8] on the North range segment of the Early Proterozoic Cuyuna Iron Range of east-central Minnesota has shed new light on the depositional environment of these rocks. This Ba-feldspar occurs in a 10 m thick interval within the main iron-formation and typically contains between 8 and 26 mol.% celsian (BaAl2Si2O8). Its occurrence in several textural settings suggests that barium was being deposited at various stages in the paragenetic history of the iron-formation. Some of the hyalophane grains occur as the cores of micronodules, which are structurally similar to oolites or oncolites, but mineralogically are very complex. The hyalophane also occurs as rims on core grains of diverse mineral composition and as discrete phases in late crosscutting veins.

Hyalophane, like other Ba-silicates, has a very restricted paragenesis. They are associated typically either with sedimentary manganese and ferromanganese deposits, or with Cu-Pb-Zn-Ba deposits. The presence of hyalophane in the Early Proterozoic manganiferous iron ores of east-central Minnesota casts doubt on the historic interpretation of these deposits as typical Superior-type sedimentary iron-formations and instead supports the view that these deposits, at least in part, consist of chemical sediments from a hydrothermal fumarolic system. The suggested involvement of a hydrothermal system is also supported by the occurrence of aegirine within the hyalophane-rich layer, and the occurrence of tourmalinites and Sr-rich baryte veins elsewhere in the Cuyuna North range.

Keywords

hyalophaneBa-feldspariron-formationmanganese depositshydrothermal activityCuyuna Iron RangeMinnesota
Type
Petrology
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 58 , Issue 392 , September 1994 , pp. 387 - 399
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1994

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