Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T12:55:20.600Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ion microprobe analysis—a review of geological applications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2018

S. J. B. Reed
S. J. B. Reed*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In ion microprobe analysis the specimen is bombarded with a focussed ion beam a few µm in diameter and the secondary ions produced are accelerated into the entrance slit of a mass spectrometer. An outline of the salient features of the instrument is given here, together with an account of the methods used for quantitative elemental and isotopic analysis.

The major part of this paper consists of a comprehensive account of the geological applications of ion microprobe analysis. These include elemental analysis, especially for trace elements (down to sub-ppm levels in many cases) and light elements (H-F) which are beyond the scope of the electron microprobe. The other main area of geological interest is isotopic analysis, where the ion microprobe has the advantage over conventional mass spectrometry of being capable of in situ analysis of selected points on polished sections, obviating the need for laborious specimen preparation, and enabling spatially-resolved data to be obtained, with a resolution of a few µm. The ion microprobe has been especially successful in U-Pb zircon dating and the study of isotope anomalies in meteorites. Other significant applications include diffusion and stable isotope studies.

Keywords

ion microprobeisotopic analysisU-Pb zircon datingmeteorites
Type
Review Papers
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 53 , Issue 369 , March 1989 , pp. 3 - 24
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andersen, C. A., and Hinthorne, J. R., (1972) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 14, 195-200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, C. A., and Hinthorne, J. R., (1973a) Anal. Chem. 45, 1421-38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, C. A., and Hinthorne, J. R., (1973b) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 37, 745-54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, C. A., and Hinthorne, J. R., and Fredriksson, K. (1970) Proc. Apollo 11 Lunar Sci. Conf. 159-67.Google Scholar
Armstrong, J. T., and Hutcheon, I. D. (1985) In Microbeam Analysis—1985 (Armstrong, J. T., ed.) San Francisco Press, 273-81.Google Scholar
Bancroft, G. M., Metson, J. B., Kresovic, R. A., and Nesbitt, H. W. (1987) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 51, 911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banner, A. E., and Stimpson, B. P. (1974) Vacuum, 24, 511-17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Matthews, M., Hutcheon, I. D., Macpherson, G. J., and Grossman, L. (1982) Geochim. Cosmochim. Aeta, 46, 31-42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, L. P., Williams, I. S., and Compston, W. (1986) Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 94, 427-37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, J. G., Huneke, J. C., and Wasserburg, G. J. (1978) J. Geophys. Res. 83, 244-54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castaing, R., and Slodzian, G. (1962) Microscopie, 1, 395-410.Google Scholar
Castaing, R., and Slodzian, G., Bizouard, H., Clochiatti, R., and Havette, A. (1978) Bull. Mineral. 101, 245-62.Google Scholar
Cerny, P., Smith, J. V., Mason, R. A., and Delaney, J. S. (1984) Can. Mineral. 22, 631-51.Google Scholar
Chaussidon, M., and Demange, J.-C. (1988) In Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry—SIMS VI (Benninghoven, A. et al, eds.) John Wiley, Chichester, 937-40.Google Scholar
Chaussidon, M., and Demange, J.-C., Albarède, F., and Sheppard, S. M. F. (1987) Nature, 330, 242-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chryssoulis, S. L., Cabri, L. J., and Salter, R. S. (1987) In Proc. Int. Symp. on Gold Metallurgy (Salter, R. S., Wystouzil, D. H., and McDonald, G. W., eds.) Pergamon Press, New York, 235-44.Google Scholar
Chryssoulis, S. L., Cabri, L. J., and Salter, R. S., Surges, L. J., and Salter, R. S. (1985) In Complex Sulphides. Processing of Ores Concentrates and By-Products (Zunkel, A. D., Boorman, R. S., Morris, A. E., and Wessely, R. J., eds.) AIME, Warrendale, Pa., 815-30.Google Scholar
Chryssoulis, S. L., Cabri, L. J., and Salter, R. S., Surges, L. J., and Salter, R. S., Chauvin, W. J., and Surges, L. J. (1986) Can. Metall. Quart. 25, 233-59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claoué-Long, J. C., Compston, W., and Cowden, A. (1988) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 89, 239-59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, R. N., Macpherson, G. J., Hutcheon, I. D., Davis, A. M., Grossman, L., Mayeda, T. K., Molini-Velsko, C., and Allen, J. M. (1984) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 48, 535-48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Compston, W., and Kröner, A. (1988) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 87, 13-28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Compston, W., and Kröner, A. and Pidgeon, R. T. (1986) Nature, 321, 766-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Compston, W., and Kröner, A. and Pidgeon, R. T., Williams, I. S., and Clement, S. W. (1982) Amer. Soc. for Mass Spectrom. Conf., Honolulu, abstracts, 593-5.Google Scholar
Compston, W., and Kröner, A. and Pidgeon, R. T., Williams, I. S., and Clement, S. W., Kinny, P. D., Williams, I. S., and Foster, J. J. (1986a) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 80, 71-81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Compston, W., and Kröner, A. and Pidgeon, R. T., Williams, I. S., and Clement, S. W., Kinny, P. D., Williams, I. S., and Foster, J. J., Williams, I. S., Campbell, I. H., and Gresham, J. J. (1986b) Ibid. 76, 299-311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Compston, W., and Kröner, A. and Pidgeon, R. T., Williams, I. S., and Clement, S. W., Kinny, P. D., Williams, I. S., and Foster, J. J., Williams, I. S., Campbell, I. H., and Gresham, J. J. and McCulloch, M. T. (1986c) Austral. J. Earth Sci. 33, 193-200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Compston, W., and Kröner, A. and Pidgeon, R. T., Williams, I. S., and Clement, S. W., Kinny, P. D., Williams, I. S., and Foster, J. J., Williams, I. S., Campbell, I. H., and Gresham, J. J. and McCulloch, M. T., Jenkins, R. F. J., Gostin, V. A., and Haines, P. W. (1987) Ibid. 34, 435-45.Google Scholar
Crozaz, G., and Zinner, E. (1985) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 73, 41-52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, G. J., Henderson, P., Lowry, R. K., Nolan, J., Reed, S. J. B., and Long, J. V. P. (1983) Ibid. 65, 203-5.Google Scholar
Delaney, J. R., and Karsten, J. L. (1981) Ibid. 52, 191-202.Google Scholar
Deloule, E., Allègre, C., and Doe, B. (1986) Econ. Geol. 81, 1307-21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drake, M. J., Newsom, H. E., Reed, S. J. B., and Enright, M. C., (1984) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 48, 1609-15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dutrow, B. L., Holdaway, M. J., and Hinton, R. W. (1986) Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 94, 496-506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eldridge, C. S., Compston, W., Williams, I. S., Walshe, J. L., and Both, R. A. (1987) Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 76, 65-83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eldridge, C. S., Compston, W., Williams, I. S., Walshe, J. L., and Both, R. A., Both, R. A., Walshe, J. L., and Ohmoto, H. (1988) Econ. GeoL 83, 443-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Exley, R. A. (1983) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 65, 303-10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Exley, R. A. and Jones, A. P. (1983) Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 83, 288-92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fahey, A., Goswami, J. N., McKeegan, K. D., and Zinner, E. (1985) Astrophys. J. 296, L17–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fahey, A., Goswami, J. N., McKeegan, K. D., and Zinner, E. (1987a) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 51, 329-50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fahey, A., Goswami, J. N., McKeegan, K. D., and Zinner, E. (1987b) Astrophys. J. 323, L91–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fahey, A., Goswami, J. N., McKeegan, K. D., and Zinner, E., Zinner, E. K., Crozaz, G., and Kornacki, A. S. (1987e) Geochim. Cosmochim. Aeta, 51, 3215-29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farver, J. R., and Giletti, B. J. (1985) Ibid. 49, 1403-11.Google Scholar
Freer, R., and Dennis, P. F. (1982) Mineral. Mag. 45, 179-92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Froude, D. O., Ireland, T. R., Kinny, P. D., Williams, I. S., Compston, W. Williams, I. R., and Myers, J. S. (1983) Nature, 304, 616-18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaudette, H. E., Vitrac-Michard, A., and Allègre, C. J. (1981) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 54, 245-60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giletti, B. J., and Hess, K. C. (1988) Ibid. 89, 115-21.Google Scholar
Giletti, B. J., and Hess, K. C., Semet, M. P., and Yund, R. A. (1978) Geochim. Cosmoehim. Acta, 42, 45-57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, H. W. (1979) Nature, 277, 465-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grew, E. S., and Hinthorne, J. R. (1983) Science, 221, 547-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grew, E. S., and Hinthorne, J. R. and Marquez, N. (1986) Am. Mineral 71, 1129-34.Google Scholar
Harrison, T. M., Aleinikoff, J. N., and Compston, W. (1987) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 51, 2549-58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, S. R., Shimizu, N., and Sverjensky, D. A. (1981) Econ. Geol. 76, 1873-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Havette, A., and Nativel, P. (1977) Bull. Soc. Fr. Mineral. Cristallogr. 100, 20-7.Google Scholar
Havette, A., and Nativel, P. and Slodzian, G. (1980) J. Physique Lett. 41, L247–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Havette, A., and Nativel, P. and Slodzian, G. (1982) In Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry–SIMSIII (Benninghoven, A. et al., eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 288-91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Havette, A., and Nativel, P. and Slodzian, G. and Weiss, J. (1976) Bull. Soc. Fr. Mineral. Cristallogr. 99, 165-8.Google Scholar
Hendry, D. A. F., Chivas, A. R., Reed, S. J. B., and Long, J. V. P. (198l) Contrib. Mineral Petrol. 78, 404-12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendry, D. A. F., Chivas, A. R., Reed, S. J. B., Long, J. V. P., and Reed, S. J. B. (1985) Ibid. 89, 317-29.Google Scholar
Hervig, R. L., Kortemeier, W. T., and Burt, D. M. (1987) Am. Mineral. 72, 392-6.Google Scholar
Hervig, R. L., Kortemeier, W. T., and Burt, D. M., Smith, J. V., Steele, I. M., and Dawson, J. B. (1980a) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 50, 41-58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hervig, R. L., Kortemeier, W. T., and Burt, D. M., Smith, J. V., Steele, I. M., and Dawson, J. B., Gurney, J. J., Meyer, H. O. A., and Harris, J. W. (1980b) J. Geophys. Res. 85B, 6919-29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinthorne, J. R., and Ribbe, P. H. (1974) Am. Mineral. 59, 1123-6.Google Scholar
Hinthorne, J. R., and Ribbe, P. H. and Andersen, C. A. (1975) Ibid. 60, 143-7.Google Scholar
Hinthorne, J. R., and Ribbe, P. H. and Andersen, C. A., Conrad, R. L., and Lovering, J. F. (1979) Chem. Geol. 25, 271-303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinton, R. W., and Bischoff, A. (1984) Nature, 308, 169-72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinton, R. W., and Bischoff, A. and Long, J. V. P. (1979) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 45, 309-25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinton, R. W., and Bischoff, A. and Long, J. V. P., Davis, A. M., and Scatena-Wachel, D. E. (1987) Astrophys. J. 313, 420-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, A. W., Giletti, B. J., Hinthorne, J. R., Andersen, C. A., and Comaford, D. (1974) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 24, 48-52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holdaway, M. J., Dutrow, B. L., Borthwick, J., Shore, P., Harmon, R. S., and Hinton, R. W. (1986) Am. Mineral. 71, 1135-41.Google Scholar
Huneke, J. C., Armstrong, J. T., and Wasserburg, G. J. (1983) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47, 1635-50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutcheon, I. (1982) In Nuclear and Chemical Dating Techniques: Interpreting the Environmental Record (Curie, L. A., ed.), Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Series no. 176, 95-128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutcheon, I., Armstrong, J. T., and Wasserburg, G. J. (1987) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 51, 3175-92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutcheon, I., Armstrong, J. T., and Wasserburg, G. J., Steele, I. M., Smith, J. V., and Clayton, R. N. (1978) Proc. 9th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf., 1345-68.Google Scholar
Ireland, T. R., and Compston, W. (1987) Nature, 327, 689-92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ireland, T. R., and Compston, W. and Heydegger, H. R. (1985) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 49, 1989-93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ireland, T. R., and Compston, W. and Heydegger, H. R. and Esat, T. M. (1986) Ibid. 50, 1413-21.Google Scholar
Jambon, A., and Semet, M. P. (1978) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 37, 445-50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaoul, O., Froidevaux, C., Durham, W. B., and Michaut, M. (1980) Ibid. 47, 391-7.Google Scholar
Jérome, D. Y., and Slodzian, G. (1971) Bull. Soc. Fr. Mineral. Crystallogr. 94, 538-48.Google Scholar
Jones, A. P., and Smith, J. V. (1984) Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Mh. 228-40.Google Scholar
Karsten, J. L., Holloway, J. R., and Delaney, J. R. (1982) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 59, 420-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinny, P. D. (1986) Ibid. 79, 337-47.Google Scholar
Kinny, P. D., Williams, I. S., Froude, D. O., Ireland, T. R., and Compston, W. (1988) Precamb. Res. 38, 325-41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klossa, B., Pierre, A., and Minster, J.-F. (1981) Ibid. 52, 25-30.Google Scholar
Kröner, A., and Compston, W. (1988) Ibid. 38, 367-80.Google Scholar
Kröner, A., and Compston, W., Guo-wei, Z., An-lin, G., and Todt, W. (1988a) Geology, 16, 211-15.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kröner, A., and Compston, W., Guo-wei, Z., An-lin, G., and Todt, W., Wendt, I., Liew, T. C., Compston, W., Todt, W., Fiala, J., Vankova, V., and Vanek, J. (1988b) Contrib. Mineral Petrol. 99, 257-66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefèvre, R. (1974) Bull. Soe. Geol. Fr. 16, 248-54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lepareur, M. (1980) Rev. TeehnoL Thomson-CSF 12, 225-65.Google Scholar
Leta, D. P., and Morrison, G. H. (1980) Anal. Chem. 52, 277-80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebl, H. (1967) J. Appl. Phys. 38, 5277-83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorin, J. C., and Havette, A. (1985) In Rapports Isotopique dans le Systeme Solaire, Cepadue-Editions, Paris, 1-27.Google Scholar
Lorin, J. C., and Havette, A. and Slodzian, G. (1982) In Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry—SIMSIII (Benninghoven, A. et al., eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 140-50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovering, J. F. (1975) In Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (Heinrich, K. F. J. and Newbury, D. E., eds.) Nat. Bur. Stands. spec. publ. 427 U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, 135-78.Google Scholar
Lovering, J. F., Travis, G. A., Comaford, D. J., and Kelly, P. R. (1981) In Archaean Geology—2nd International Symposium, Perth, 1980 (Glaser, J. E. and Groves, D. I., eds.) Spec. Pub1. Geol. Soc. Austral. 7, 193-203.Google Scholar
Lowry, R. K., Reed, S. J. B., Nolan, J., Henderson, P., and Long, J. V. P. (1981) Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 53, 36-40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luck, J.-M., and Allègre, C. J. (1983) Nature, 302, 130-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luck, J.-M., and Allègre, C. J. and Turekian, K. K. (1983) Science, 222, 613-15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luck, J.-M., and Allègre, C. J. and Turekian, K. K., Birck, J.-L., and Allègre, C. J. (1980) Nature, 283, 256-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macdougall, J. D., and Phinney, D. (1979) Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 215-18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mclntyre, N. S., Cabri, L. J., Chauvin, W. J., and Laflamme, J. H. G. (1984) Scanning Elect. Microsc./1984, 1139-46.Google Scholar
McKeegan, K. D. (1987) Science, 237, 1468-71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKeegan, K. D., Walker, R. M., and Zinner, E. (1985) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 49, 1971-87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacRae, N. D. (1987) Am. Mineral. 72, 1263-8.Google Scholar
MacRae, N. D., Metson, J. B. (1985) Chem. Geol. 53, 325-33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacRae, N. D., Russell, M. R. (1987) Ibid. 64, 307-17.Google Scholar
Magee, C. W., and Honig, R. E. (1982) Surf Interface Anal. 4, 35-41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, R. A. (1982) Mineral. Mag. 45, 101-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, R. A. (1987) Chem. Geol. 64, 209-24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, R. A., Smith, J. V., Dawson, J. B., and Treves, S. B. (1982) Ibid. 46, 7-11.Google Scholar
Mason, R. A., Smith, J. V., Dawson, J. B., and Treves, S. B., Parsons, I., and Long, J. V. P. (1985) J. Petrol. 26, 952-70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Massare, D., Havette, A., and Slodzian, G. (1982) J. Microsc. Spectrosc. Electron, 7, 477-86.Google Scholar
Meddaugh, W. S., Holland, H. D., and Shimizu, N. (1982) In Ore Genesis (Amstutz, G. C. et al., eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 25-37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, C. (1978) Proc. 9th Lunar Planet. Sei. Conf. 1551-70.Google Scholar
Meyer, C., Anderson, D. H., and Bradley, J. G. (1974) Proc. 5th Lunar Sci. Conf. 685 706.Google Scholar
Meyer, C., Anderson, D. H., and Bradley, J. G., McKay, D. S., Anderson, D. H., and Butler, P. (1975) Proc. 6th Lunar Sci. Conf. 1673-99.Google Scholar
Migeon, H. N., Le Pipec, C., and Le Goux, J. J. (1986) In Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry—SIMS V (Benninghoven, A. et al., eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 155-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, R. H., and Reed, S. J. B. (1988) Mineral. Mag. 52, 331-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miura, Y., and Rucklidge, J. C. (1979) Am. Mineral. 64, 1272-9.Google Scholar
Miura, Y., and Rucklidge, J. C. and Tomisaka, T. (1978) Ibid. 63, 584-90.Google Scholar
Morioka, M. (1981) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 45, 1573-80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muir, I. J., Bancroft, G. M., MacRae, N. D., and Metson, J. B. (1987) Chem. Geol. 64, 269-78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nambu, H., and Sato, T. (1981) Bull. Mineral. 104, 827-33.Google Scholar
Nesbitt, H. W., and Muir, I. J. (1988) Nature, 334, 336-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nesbitt, H. W., and Muir, I. J., Metson, J. B., and Bancroft, G. M. (1986) Chem. Geol. 55, 139-60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okano, J., and Nishimura, H. (1979) In Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry—SIMSII (Benninghoven, A. et al., eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 216-18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okano, J., and Nishimura, H. (1982) In Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry—SIMSIII (Benninghoven, A. et al., eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 426-30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okano, J., and Nishimura, H. and Uyeda (1988) In Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry-SIMS VI (Benninghoven, A. et al., eds.) John Wiley, Chichester, 941-4.Google Scholar
Palmer, M. R., Falkner, K. K., Turekian, K. K., and Calvert, S. E. (1988) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52, 1197-202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phinney, D., Whitehead, B., and Anderson, D. (1979) Proc. 10th Lunar Sci. Conf. 885-905.Google Scholar
Pimminger, M., Grasserbauer, M., Schroll, E., and Cerny, I. (1984) Anal. Chem. 56, 407-11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, G., and Hart, S. R. (1982) Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. 44, 231-55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, G., and Hart, S. R. Shimizu, N., and Hart, S. R. (1983) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47, 2131-40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, S. J. B. (1981) In Microbeam Analysis—1981 (Geiss, R. H., ed.) San Francisco Press, 87-90.Google Scholar
Reed, S. J. B. (1983) Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 54, 31-40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, S. J. B. (1985) Chem. Geol. 48, 137-43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, S. J. B. (1986) Mineral. Mag. 50, 3-15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, S. J. B. and Enright, M. C. (1981) Proc. Royal Soc. Lond. A374, 195-205.Google Scholar
Reed, S. J. B. and Enright, M. C. and Smith, D. G. W. (1985) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 72, 238-44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, S. J. B. and Enright, M. C., Scott, E. R. D., and Long, J. V. P. (1979) Ibid. 43, 5-12.Google Scholar
Reed, S. J. B. and Enright, M. C., Scott, E. R. D., and Long, J. V. P., Smith, D. G. W., and Long, J. V. P. (1983) Nature, 306, 172-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, S. J. B. and Enright, M. C., Scott, E. R. D., and Long, J. V. P., Smith, D. G. W., and Long, J. V. P., Trueman, N. A., and Long, J. V. P. (1988) In Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry—SIMSVl (Benninghoven, A. et al., eds.) John Wiley, Chichester, 945-8.Google Scholar
Reuter, W. (1986) In Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry— SIMSV (Benninghoven, A. et al., eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 94-102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudnick, R. L., and Williams, I. S. (1987) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 85, 145-61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sato, T., Nambu, M., and Omori, Y. (1984) In Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry—SIMSIV (Benninghoven, A. et al., eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 471-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimizu, N. (1978) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 39, 398-406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimizu, N. (1981) Nature, 289, 575-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimizu, N. and Allègre, C. J. (1978) Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 67, 41-50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimizu, N. and Allègre, C. J. and Hart, S. R. (1982) J. Appl. Phys. 53, 1303-11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimizu, N. and Kushiro, I. (1984) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 48, 1295-303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimizu, N. and Kushiro, I. and Le Roex, A. P. (1986) J. Volcan. Geotherm. Res. 29, 159-88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimizu, N. and Kushiro, I. and Le Roex, A. P. and Richardson, S. H. (1987) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 51, 755-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimizu, N. and Kushiro, I. and Le Roex, A. P. and Richardson, S. H., Semet, M. P., and Allègre, C. J. (1978) Ibid. 42, 1321-34.Google Scholar
Slodzian, G. (1982) In Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry—SIMSIII (Benninghoven, A. et al., eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 115-23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slodzian, G. and Havette, A. (1974) Adv. Mass Spectrom. 6, 629-36.Google Scholar
Slodzian, G. and Havette, A., Lorin, J. C., and Havette, A. (1980) J. Physique Left. 41, L555–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sneeringer, M., Hart, S. R., and Shimizu, N. (1984) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 48, 1589-608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steele, I. M., and Lindstrom, D. J. (1981) Ibid. 45, 2177-83.Google Scholar
Steele, I. M., and Lindstrom, D. J., Hutcheon, I. D., and Smith, J. V. (1980a) Proc. 11th Lunar Sci. Conf. 571-90.Google Scholar
Steele, I. M., and Lindstrom, D. J., Hutcheon, I. D., and Smith, J. V. (1980b) In X-ray Optics and Microanalysis (Beaman, D. R. et al., eds.) Pendell Publ. Co., Midland, Mich., 515-25.Google Scholar
Steele, I. M., and Lindstrom, D. J., Hutcheon, I. D., and Smith, J. V., Hervig, R. L., Hutcheon, I. D., and Smith, J. V. (1981) Am. Mineral. 66, 526-46.Google Scholar
Streit, L. A., Hervig, R. L., and Williams, P. (1986) In Mierobeam Analysis—1986 (Romig, A. D. and Chambers, W. F., eds.) San Francisco Press, 91-4.Google Scholar
Tamura, H., Kondo, T., Doi, H., Omura, I., and Taya, S. (1970) In Recent Developments in Mass Spectrometry (Ogata, K. and Hayakawa, T., eds.) Univ. Tokyo Press, 205-9.Google Scholar
Vander Wood, T. B., and Clayton, R. N. (1985) J. Geol. 93, 251-70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veizer, J., Hinton, R. W., Clayton, R. N., and Lerman, A. (1987) Chem. Geol. 64, 225-37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, I. S., and Claesson, S., (1987) Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 97, 205-17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, I. S., and Claesson, S., Compston, W., Black, L. P., Ireland, T. R., and Foster, J. J. (1984) Ibid. 88, 322-7.Google Scholar
Wilson, G. C., and Long, J. V. P. (1982) Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. 42, 63-75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, G. C., and Long, J. V. P. (1983) Mineral. Mag. 47, 191-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittmaack, K. (1982) Radiation Eft. 63, 205-18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zinner, E., and Crozaz, G. (1986) Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 69, 17-38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zinner, E., and Crozaz, G. and Epstein, S. (1987) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 84, 359-68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zinner, E., and Crozaz, G. and Epstein, S. and Walker, R. M. (1975) Proc. 6th Lunar Sci. Conf. 3601 17.Google Scholar
Zinner, E., and Crozaz, G. and Epstein, S. and Walker, R. M., Walker, R. M., Chaumont, J., and Dran, J. C. (1976) Proc. 7th Lunar Sci. Conf. 953-84.Google Scholar
Zinner, E., and Crozaz, G. and Epstein, S. and Walker, R. M., Walker, R. M., Chaumont, J., and Dran, J. C., (1977) Proc. 8th Lunar Sci. Conf. 3859-83.Google Scholar
Zinner, E., and Crozaz, G. and Epstein, S. and Walker, R. M., Walker, R. M., Chaumont, J., and Dran, J. C., Dust, S., Chaumont, J., and Dran, J. C. (1978) Proc. 9th Lunar Sci. Conf. 1667-86.Google Scholar
Zinner, E., and Crozaz, G. and Epstein, S. and Walker, R. M., Walker, R. M., Chaumont, J., and Dran, J. C., Dust, S., Chaumont, J., and Dran, J. C., McKeegan, K. D., and Walker, R. M. (1983) Nature, 305, 119-21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zinner, E., and Crozaz, G. and Epstein, S. and Walker, R. M., Walker, R. M., Chaumont, J., and Dran, J. C., Dust, S., Chaumont, J., and Dran, J. C., McKeegan, K. D., and Walker, R. M., Fahey, A. J., Goswami, J. N., Ireland, T. R., and McKeegan, K. D. (1986) Astrophys. J. 311, L103–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zinner, E., and Crozaz, G. and Epstein, S. and Walker, R. M., Walker, R. M., Chaumont, J., and Dran, J. C., Dust, S., Chaumont, J., and Dran, J. C., McKeegan, K. D., and Walker, R. M., Fahey, A. J., Goswami, J. N., Ireland, T. R., and McKeegan, K. D., Ming, T., and Anders, E. (1987) Nature, 330, 730-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar