Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T17:16:25.889Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Crystal chemistry and dissolution of calcium phosphate in dental enamel

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2018

S. E. P. Dowker ,
P. Anderson ,
J. C. Elliott  and
X. J. Gao
S. E. P. Dowker
Affiliation:
Dental School, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK
P. Anderson
Affiliation:
Dental School, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK
J. C. Elliott
Affiliation:
Dental School, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK
X. J. Gao
Affiliation:
Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Beijing Medical University, Haidian, Beijing 100081, PR China
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The mineral component (at least 95 wt. %) of dental enamel is hydroxyapatite (hydroxylapatite) with multiple substitutions. The biogenic origin of enamel is reflected in the unusual ribbon-like morphology of the crystals, which are extremely elongated in the c-axis direction, and their organized arrangement within the tissue. The study of enamel dissolution has been driven by the very high prevalence of dental caries. In enamel caries, the initial demineralization results in subsurface dissolution of mineral. While the surface remains intact, reversal of the lesion by remineralization is possible. Problems of understanding the physico-chemical processes in enamel demineralization include the general problems concerning the structure and chemistry of apatites formed in aqueous media. Added to these are the general problem of dissolution in an inhomogeneous porous medium and the complication that enamel apatite has a naturally variable composition which changes during demineralization. The use of model systems in caries research is illustrated by reference to X-ray absorption studies of enamel and synthetic analogues.

Keywords

enamelapatitecariesteethdemineralizationmicroradiographymicrotomography
Type
Research Article
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 63 , Issue 6 , December 1999 , pp. 791 - 800
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, P. (1988) Real-time X-ray absorption studies and their interpretation via numerical solution of diffusion and reaction equations of model systems for dental caries. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of London.Google Scholar
Anderson, P. and Elliott, J.C. (1992) Subsurface demineralization in dental enamel and other permeable solids during acid dissolution. J. Dent. Res., 71, 1473–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, P., Davis, G.R. and Ahluwalia, M.H.K. (1996) Monitoring demineralization and remineralization of enamel in vitro using an infrared reflectance meter. Caries Res., 30, 394–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angmar, B., Carlström, D. and Glas, J.-E. (1963) Studies on the ultrastructure of dental enamel. IV. The mineralization of normal human enamel. J. Ultrastructure Res., 8, 12–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aoba, T. (1996) Recent observations on enamel crystal formation during mammalian amelogenesis. Anat. Rec., 245, 208–18.3.0.CO;2-S>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aoba, T. (1997) The effect of fluoride on apatite structure and growth. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, 8, 136–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Backer Dirks, O. (1974) The benefit of water fluoridation. Caries Res. Suppl., 8, 2–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjørndal, L. and Thylstrup, A. (1995) A structural analysis of approximal enamel caries and subjacentdentin reactions. Eur. J. Oral Sci., 103, 25–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyde, A. (1965) The structure of developing mammalian dental enamel. In Tooth Enamel. Its Composition, Properties and Fundamental Structure. (Stack, M.V. and Fearnhead, R.W., eds). John Wright & Sons, Bristol, pp. 163–7.Google Scholar
Chow, L.C. and Takagi, S. (1989) A quasi-constant composition method for studying the formation of artificial caries-like lesions. Caries Res., 23, 129–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christoffersen, J., Christoffersen, M.R. and Johansen, T. (1996) Some new aspects of surface nucleation applied to the growth and dissolution of fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite. J. Cryst. Growth, 163, 304–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chu, J.S. Fox, J.L. and Higuchi, W.I. (1989) Quantitative study of fluoride transport during subsurface dissolution of dental enamel. J. Dent. Res., 68, 32–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darling, A.I., Mortimer, K.V., Poole, D.F.G. and Ollis, W.D. (1961) Molecular sieve behaviour of normal and carious human dental enamel. Archs Oral Biol., 5, 251–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dibdin, G.H. (1993) The water in human dental enamel and its diffusional exchange measured by clearance of tritiated water from enamel slabs of varying thickness. Caries Res., 27, 81–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dykes, E. and Elliott, J.C. (1971) The occurrence of chloride ions in the apatite lattice of Holly Springs hydroxyapatite and dental enamel. Calcif. Tiss. Res., 7, 241–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliott, J.C. (1965) The interpretation of the infra-red absorption spectra of some carbonate-containing apatites. In Tooth Enamel. Its Composition, Properties, and Fundamental Structure (Stack, M.V. and Fearnhead, R.W., eds). John Wright & Sons, Bristol, pp. 20–2 and 50-7.Google Scholar
Elliott, J.C. (1994) Structure and Chemistry of the Apatites and Other Calcium Orthophosphates. Studies in Inorganic Chemistry, 18. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Elliott, J.C. (1997) Structure, crystal chemistry and density of enamel apatites. In Dental Enamel. CIBA Foundation Symposium 205 (Chadwick, D. and Cardew, G., eds). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 54–72.Google Scholar
Elliott, J.C., Holcomb, D.W. and Young, R.A. (1985) Infrared determination of the degree of substitution of hydroxyl by carbonate ions in human dental enamel. Calcif. Tiss. Int., 37, 372–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliott, J.C., Anderson, P., Boakes, R. and Dover, S.D. (1989) Scanning X-ray microradiography and microtomography of calcified tissues. In Calcified Tissue (Hukins, D.W.L., ed.). Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK, pp. 41–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, J.C., Anderson, P., Gao, X.J., Wong, F.S.L., Davis, G.R. and Dowker, S.E.P. (1994) Application of scanning microradiography and X-ray micro- tomography to studies of bones and teeth. J. X-Ray Sci. Technol., 4, 102–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Featherstone, J.D.B. and Cussler, E.L. (1987) Subsurface demineralization in porous apatite-gel suspensions. Caries Res., 21, 494–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fontana, M., Li, Y., Dunipace, A.J., Noblitt, T.W., Fischer, G., Katz, B.P. and Stookey, G.K. (1996) Measurement of enamel demineralization using microradiography and confocal microscopy – a correlational study. Caries Res., 30, 317–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, B.O. (1974) Infrared studies of apatites. I. Vibrational assignments for calcium, strontium and barium hydroxyapatites utilizing isotopic substitution. Inorg. Chem., 13, 194–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, J.L., Wang, Z., Hsu., , Baig, A., Colby, S., Powell, G.L., Otsuka, M. and Higuchi, W.I. (1995a) Metastable equilibrium solubility distribution and dissolution kinetics of carbonate apatite powders. In Mineral Scale Formation and Inhibition (Amjad, Z., ed.). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 231–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, J.L., Bergstrom, D.H. and Higuchi, W.I. (1995b) Physical model for lesion formation in the presence of low levels of solution fluoride. J. Pharm. Sci., 84, 1005–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gao, X.J., Elliott, J.C. and Anderson, P. (1991) Scanning and contact microradiographic study of the effect of degree of saturation on the rate of enamel demineralization. J. Dent. Res., 70, 1332–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gao, X.J., Elliott, J.C. and Anderson, P. (1993a) Scanning microradiographic study of the kinetics of subsurface demineralization in tooth sections under constant-composition and small constant-volume conditions. J. Dent. Res., 72, 923–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gao, X.J., Elliott, J.C., Anderson, P. and Davis, G.R. (1993b) Scanning microradiographic and microto- mographic studies of remineralization of subsurface enamel lesions. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 89, 2907–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallsworth, A.S. and Weatherell, J.A. (1969) The microdistribution, uptake and loss of fluoride in human enamel. Caries Res., 3, 109–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallsworth, A.S., Robinson, C. and Weatherell, J.A. (1972) Mineral and magnesium distribution within the approximal carious lesion of dental enamel. Caries Res., 6, 156–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallsworth, A.S., Weatherell, J.A. and Robinson, C. (1973) Loss of carbonate during the first stages of enamel caries. Caries Res., 7, 345–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hay, D.I. (1995) Salivary factors in caries models. Adv. Dent. Res., 9, 239–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iijima, M., Tohda, H. and Moriwaki, Y. (1992) Growth and structure of lamellar mixed crystals of octacalcium phosphate and apatite in a model system of enamel formation. J. Cryst. Growth, 116, 319–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iijima, M., Nelson, D.G.A., Pan, Y., Kreinbrink, A.T., Adachi, M., Goto, T. and Moriwaki, Y. (1996) Fluoride analysis of apatite crystals with a central planar OCP inclusion – concerning the role of F ions on apatite/OCP/apatite structure formation. Calcif. Tiss. Int., 59, 377–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ingram, G.S. and Edgar, W.M. (1994) Interactions of fluoride and non-fluoride agents with the caries process. Adv. Dent. Res., 8, 158–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kodaka, T., Debari, K. and Abe, M. (1992) Hexahedrally based crystals in human tooth enamel. Caries Res., 26, 69–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langdon, D.J., Elliott, J.C. and Fearnhead, R.W. (1980) Microradiographic observation of acidic subsurface decalcification in synthetic apatite aggregates. Caries Res. 14, 359–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeGeros, R.Z. (1991) Calcium Phosphates in Oral Biology and Medicine. Monographs in Oral Science. Vol. 15. Karger, Basel.Google Scholar
LeGeros, R.Z., Sakae, T., Bautista, C., Retino, M. and LeGeros, J.P. (1996) Magnesium and carbonate in enamel and synthetic apatites. Adv. Dent. Res. 10, 225–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Margolis, H.C. and Moreno, E.C. (1985) Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of enamel demineralization. Caries Res., 19, 22–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Margolis, H.C. and Moreno, E.C. (1990) Physico-chemical perspectives on the cariostatic mechanisms of systemic and topical fluorides. J. Dent. Res. 69 (Spec. Iss.), 606–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Margolis, H.C. and Moreno, E.C. (1992) Kinetics of hydroxyapatite dissolution in acetic, lactic, and phosphoric acid solutions. Calcif. Tiss. Int., 50, 137–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Margolis, H.C., Moreno, E.C. and Murphy, B.J. (1986) Effect of low levels of fluoride in solution on enamel demineralization in vitro. J. Dent. Res., 65, 23–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsh, P.D. (1995) The role of microbiology in models of dental caries. Adv. Dent. Res., 9, 244–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayer, I., Voegel, J.C., Brès, E.F. and Frank, R.M. (1988) The release of carbonate during the dissolu- tion of synthetic apatites and dental enamel. J. Cryst. Growth, 87, 129–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moreno, E.C. (1993) Role of Ca–P–F in caries prevention: chemical aspects. Int. Dent. J., 43, 71–80.Google ScholarPubMed
Moreno, E.C. and Aoba, T. (1991) Comparative solubility of human dental enamel, dentin, and hydroxyapatite. Calcif. Tiss. Int., 49, 6–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moreno, E.C., Kresak, M. and Zahradnik, R.T. (1974) Fluoridated hydroxyapatite solubility and caries formation. Nature, 247, 64–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, H., Wilson, R.M., Elliott, J.C., Dowker, S.E.P. and Anderson, P. (1998) Cells for the study of acidic dissolution in packed apatite powders as model systems for dental caries. Caries Res., 32, 428–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, D.G.A. and Barry, J.C. (1989) High resolution electron microscopy of nonstoichiometric apatite crystals. Anat. Rec., 224, 265–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, E.I.F., Coote, G.E. and Larsen, M.J. (1995) The distribution of fluoride in carious human enamel. J. Dent. Res., 74, 1775–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peeters, A., De Maeyer, E.A.P., Van Alsenoy, C. and Verbeeck, R.M.H. (1997) Solids modeled by ab initio crystal-field methods. 12. Structure, orientation, and position of A-type carbonate in a hydroxyapatite lattice. J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 3995–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shellis, R.P., Wahab, F.K. and Heywood, B.R. (1993) The hydroxyapatite ion activity product in acid solutions equilibrated with human enamel at 37°C. Caries Res., 27, 365–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shellis, R.P., Heywood, B.R. and Wahab, F.K. (1997) Formation of brushite, monetite and whitlockite during equilibration of human enamel with acid- solutions at 37°C. Caries Res., 31, 71–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silverstone, L.M., Saxton, C.A., Dogon, I.L. and Fejerskov, O. (1975) Variation in the pattern of acid etching of human dental enamel examined by scanning electron microscopy. Caries Res., 9, 373–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ten Bosch, J.J. and Angmar-Maånsson, B. (1991) A review of quantitative methods for studies of mineral content of intra-oral incipient caries lesions. J. Dent. Res., 70, 2–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theuns, H.M., Shellis, R.P., Groeneveld, A., van Dijk, J.W.E. and Poole, D.F.G. (1993) Relations between birefringence and mineral content in artificial caries lesions of enamel. Caries Res., 27, 9–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trautz, O.R. (1955) X-ray diffraction of biological and synthetic apatites. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 60, 696–712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Houte, J. (1994) Role of microorganisms in caries etiology. J. Dent. Res., 73, 672–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogel, G.L., Carey, C.M. Chow, L.C., Gregory, T.M. and Brown, W.E. (1988) Micro-analysis of mineral saturation within enamel during lactic acid demineralization. J. Dent. Res., 67, 1172–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vogel, G.L., Mao, Y., Carey, C.M. and Chow, L.C. (1997) Changes in the permselectivity of human teeth during caries. J. Dent. Res., 76, 673–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, D.J. (1995) The application of in vitro models to research on demineralization and remineralization of the teeth. Adv. Dent. Res., 9, 175–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, R.M., Elliot, J.C. and Dowker, S.E.P. (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites. Amer. Mineral., 84, 1406–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar