Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T03:16:14.989Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Using neutron diffraction measurements to characterize the mechanical properties of polymineralic rocks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2018

P. F. Schofield ,
S. J. Covey-Crump ,
I. C. Stretton ,
M. R. Daymond ,
K. S. Knight  and
R. F. Holloway
P. F. Schofield*
Affiliation:
Department of Mineralogy, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
S. J. Covey-Crump
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
I. C. Stretton
Affiliation:
Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, D-95440, Germany
M. R. Daymond
Affiliation:
ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK
K. S. Knight
Affiliation:
Department of Mineralogy, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK
R. F. Holloway
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
*
* E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Conventional experiments designed to investigate the mechanical properties of polycrystalline geological materials are generally restricted to measurements of whole-rock properties. However, when comparing the measurements with theoretical models, it is frequently essential to understand how the deformation is accommodated at the grain-scale. This is particularly true for polymineralic rocks because in this case most theories express the whole-rock properties as some function of the properties of their constituent minerals, and hence the contribution which each phase makes to those properties must be measured if the theories are to be fully assessed. The penetrating nature of neutrons offers a method of addressing this problem. By performing deformation experiments in the neutron beam-line and collecting neutron diffraction patterns at different applied loads, the lattice parameters of all the mineral phases present may be determined as a function of load. The elastic strain experienced by each phase is then easily determined. Moreover, the strain in different lattice directions is also obtained. From this information a wide range of problems relevant for the characterization of the elastic and plastic deformation behaviour of polymineralic geological materials can be explored. An experimental technique for carrying out such experiments is described, and its validity is demonstrated by showing that the results obtained from deforming an elastically isotropic olivine + magnesiowüstite sample agree, to within very tight bounds, with the behaviour predicted by theory for elastically isotropic composites.

Keywords

neutron diffractionmechanical propertiespolymineralic rocks.
Type
Research Article
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 67 , Issue 5 , October 2003 , pp. 967 - 987
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Birch, J.M., Wilshire, B., Owen, D.J.R. and Shantaram, D. (1976 The influence of stress distribution on the deformation and fracture beha-viour of ceramic materials under compression creep conditions. Journal of Materials Science, 11, 1817—1825.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloomfield, J.P. and Covey-Crump, SJ. (1993 Correlating mechanical data with microstructural observations in deformation experiments on syn-thetic two-phase aggregates. Journal of Structural Geology, 15, 1007—1019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, M.G., Bennington, S.M., Lewis, M.H. and Hull, S. (1994 Study of the ferroelastic transformation in zirconia by neutron diffraction. Philosophical Magazine B, 69, 499—507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, D.H. and Bourke, M.A.M. (2000 Neutron diffraction study of the deformation behaviour of beryllium-aluminum composites. Acta Materialia, 48, 2885—2900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clausen, B. (1997 Characterisation of Polycrystal Deformation by Numerical Modelling and Neutron Diffraction Experiments. PhD Thesis, Ris0 National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark.Google Scholar
Clyne, T.W. and Withers, P.J. (1993 An Introduction to Metal Matrix Composites. Cambridge University Press, UK, 509 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Covey-Crump, S.J., Schofield, P.F. and Stretton, I.C. (2001 Strain partitioning during the elastic deformation of an olivine + magnesiowustite aggregate. Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 4647—4650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Covey-Crump, S.J., Schofield, P.F., Stretton, I.C., Knight, K.S. and Ben Ismail, W. (2003a) Using neutron diffraction to investigate the elastic proper-ties of anisotropic rocks: results from an olivine + orthopyroxene mylonite. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(B2), 2092, doi 10.1029/ 2002JB001816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Covey-Crump, S.J., Schofield, P.F., Stretton, I.C., Daymond, M.R. and Knight, K.S. (20036 Strain partitioning between the constituent phases during the plastic yielding of two-phase composites. In preparation for submission to Acta Materialia.Google Scholar
Cropper, D.R. and Pask, J.A. (1969 Effect of plastic instability on compressive deformation. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 48, 555—558.Google Scholar
Daymond, M.R. (2001 The blurring in strains measured at a pulsed neutron source introduced by the use of a detector with a large angular coverage. Physica B, 301, 221—226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daymond, M.R. and Priesmeyer, H.G. (2002 Elastoplastic deformation of ferritic steel and cementite studied by neutron diffraction and self-consistent modelling. Acta Materialia, 50, 1613—1626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daymond, M.R., Bourke, M.A.M., Von Dreele, R.B., Clausen, B. and Lorentzen, T. (1997 Use of Rietveld refinement for elastic macrostrain determination and for evaluation of plastic strain history from neutron diffraction spectra. Journal of Applied Physics, 82, 1554—1562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daymond, M.R., Bourke, M.A.M. and Von Dreele, R.B. (1999a) Use of Rietveld refinement to fit a hexagonal crystal lattice in the presence of elastic and plastic anisotropy. Journal of Applied Physics, 85, 739—747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daymond, M.R., Lund, C, Bourke, M.A.M. and Dunand, D.C. (1999 Elastic phase-strain distribution in a particulate reinforced metal-matrix composite deforming by slip or creep. Metallurgical Materials Transactions A, 30, 2989—2997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunand, D.C, Mari, D., Bourke, M.A.M. and Roberts, J.A. (1996 NiTi and NiTi-TiC composites: part IV. Neutron diffraction study of twinning and shape-memory recovery. Metallurgical Materials Transactions A, 27, 2820—2836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, Z. and Miodownik, A.P. (1993 The deformation behaviour of alloys comprising two ductile phases -I. Deformation theory. Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, 41, 2403—2413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frischbutter, A., Neov, D., Scheffzuck, Ch., Vrana, M. and Walther, K. (2000 Lattice strain measurements on sandstones under load using neutron diffraction. Journal of Structural Geology, 22, 1587—1600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hashin, Z. (1983 Analysis of composite materials - a survey. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 50, 481—505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hashin, Z. and Shtrikman, S. (1962a) On some varia-tional principles in anisotropic and nonhomogeneous elasticity. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 10, 335—342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hashin, Z. and Shtrikman, S. (1962) A variational approach to the theory of the elastic behaviour of polycrystals. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 10, 343—352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hashin, Z. and Shtrikman, S. (1963 A variational approach to the elastic behaviour of multiphase materials. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 11, 127—140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, R. (1952 The elastic behaviour of a crystalline aggregate. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London A, 65, 349—354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, R. (1963 Elastic properties of reinforced solids: some theoretical principles. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 11, 357—372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, C.J. and Kisi, E.H. (1999 Measurement of single-crystal elastic constants by neutron diffraction from polycrystals. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 32, 624—633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobsen, S.D., Reichmann, H.-J., Spetzler, H.A., Mackwell, S.J., Smyth, J.R., Angel, RJ. and McCammon, C.A. (2002 Structure and elasticity of single-crystal (Mg,Fe)O and a new method of generating gigaherz ultrasonic interferom etry. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(B2), 2037, doi 10.129/2001JB000490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, M.W. (1988 Data Acquisition. Pp. 127—143 in: Neutron Scattering at a Pulsed Source (Newport, R.J., Rainford, B.D. and Cywinski, R., editors). Adam Hilger Publishers, Bristol, UK.Google Scholar
Johnson, M.W. and Daymond, M.R. (2002 An opti-mum design for a time-of-flight neutron diffract-ometer for measuring engineering stresses. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 35, 49—57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, M.W., Edwards, L. and Withers, P.J. (1997 ENGIN — a new instrument for engineers. Physica 5, 234-236, 1141—1143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kantor, Y. and Bergman, D.J. (1984 Improved rigorous bounds on the effective elastic moduli of a composite material. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 32, 41—62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, A.C. and Von Dreele, R.B. (1994 General Structure Analysis System (GSASj. Los Alamos National Laboratory Report, LAUR 86-748 (revised version), New Mexico, USA, 223 pp.Google Scholar
MacEwen, S.R., Faber Jr., J. and Turner, A.P.L. (1983 The use of time-of-flight neutron diffraction to study grain interaction stresses. Acta Metallurgica, 31, 657—676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Majumdar, S., Singh, J.P., Kupperman, D. and Krawitz, A.D. (1991 Application of neutron diffraction to measure residual strains in various engineering composite materials. Journal of Engineering Materials Technology, 113, 51—59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthies, S., Priesmeyer, H.G. and Daymond, M.R. (2001 On the diffractive determination of single-crystal elastic constants using polycrystalline samples. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 34, 585—601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mecking, H. and Dunst, D. (1994 Micro structural interactions during flow of two-phase titanium alloys. Materials Science Engineering, A175, 55—62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meredith, P.G., Wood, I.G., Knight, K.S. and Boon, S.A. (1997 In-situ measurement of strain partitioning during rock deformation by neutron diffraction imaging. Journal of Conference Abstracts,, 2 50.Google Scholar
Meredith, P.G., Knight, K.S., Boon, S.A. and Wood, I.G. (2001 The microscopic origin of thermal cracking in rocks: an investigation by simultaneous time-of-flight neutron diffraction and acoustic emission monitoring. Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 2105—2108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milton, G.W. and Kohn, R.V. (1988 Variational bounds on the effective moduli of anisotropic composites. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 36, 597—629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nemat-Nasser, S. and Hori, M. (1999 Micromechanics: Overall Properties of Heterogeneous Materials (2nd edition), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 786 pp.Google Scholar
Paul, B. (1960 Prediction of the elastic constants of multiphase materials. Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of the AIME, 218, 36—41.Google Scholar
Pintschovius, L., Prem, M. and Frischbutter, A. (2000 High-precision neutron-diffraction measurements for the determination of low-level residual stresses in a sandstone. Journal of Structural Geology, 22, 1581—1585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponte Castaneda, P. and Suquet, P. (1998 Nonlinear composites. Advanced Applied Mechanics, 34, 171—302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravichandran, K.S. (1994 Elastic properties of two-phase composites. Journal of the American Ceramics Society, 77, 1178—1184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schafer, W. (2002 Neutron diffraction applied to geological texture and stress analysis. European Journal of Mineralogy, 14, 263—289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheffzuk, Ch., Frischbutter, A., and Walther, K. (1998 Intracrystalline strain measurements with time-of-flight neutron diffraction: application to a Cretaceous sandstone from the Elbezone (Germany). Schriftenreihe fur Geowissenschaften, 6, 39—48.Google Scholar
Sears, V.F. (1992 Neutron scattering lengths and cross sections. Neutron News 3, 26—37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, J.P. (1979 Hashin-Shtrikman bounds on the effective elastic moduli of polycrystals with orthorhombic symmetry. Journal of Applied Physics, 50, 6290—6295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, J.P. and O'Connell, R.J. (1980 An experimental investigation of the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds on two-phase aggregate elastic properties. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior, 21, 359—370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, J.P., Davies, G.F. and O'Connell, R.J. (1976 The elastic properties of composite materials. Reviews in Geophysics and Space Physics, 14, 541—563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, S.L. (1989 The elasticity of the upper mantle orthosilicates olivine and garnet to 3 Gpa. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 16, 684—692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, G.A. and Ezeilo, A.N. (1997 Neutron scattering in engineering applications. Physica B, 234, 949—955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wenk, H.-R. (1998 Pole figure measurements with diffraction techniques. Pp. 126—177 in: Texture and Anisotropy (Kocks, U.F., Tome, C.N. and Wenk, H.-R., editors). Cambridge University Press, UK.Google Scholar
Willis, J.R. (1981 Variational and related methods for the overall properties of composites. Advanced Applied Mechanics, 21, 1—78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, C.C. (1995 A guided tour of ISIS - the UK neutron spallation source. Neutron News, 6, 27—34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Withers, P.J., Daymond, M.R. and Johnson, M.W. (2001 The accuracy of diffraction peak location. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 34, 737—743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, R.A. (1993 Introduction to the Rietveld method. Pp. 1—38 in: The Rietveld Method (Young, R.A., editor). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Zhao, P. and Ji, S. (1997 Re. nements of shear-lag model and its applications. Tectonophysics, 279, 37—53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheng, Q.-S. and Du, D.-X. (2001 An explicit and universally applicable estimate for the effective properties of multiphase composites which accounts for inclusion distribution. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 49, 2765—2788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar