Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T17:53:24.600Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

On the genesis of Widmanstätten structure in meteorites and in iron-nickel and iron-carbon alloys

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2018

Extract

In April 1909 a paper on artificial reproduction of meteoric structure in alloys of iron aud carbon was read by the author before the Russian Mineralogical Society. In that paper special reference was made to the work of Sorby, who, to cite his own words, for ‘more than twenty years … commenced to carefully study the microscopical structure of iron and steel in order, if possible, to throw light on the origin of meteoric iron’. A brief survey of the work of Stodart and Faraday, of Osmond, Rinne, and Berwerth was also given and, subsequently, the structure of a carbon-steel containing 0.55 % carbon with perfectly developed Widmanstätten figures was described.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1924

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

(1) Belaiew, N. T. Études sur la structure de Widmanstätten. I. Sur la reproduction artificielle de la structure de Widmanstäitten dans l'acier au carbone. Zapiski Imp. din. Obsh. St. Petersburg (Verh. Russ. Min. Gesell.), 1909, ser. 2, vol. 47, pp. 209231. (Russian with French résumé.)Google Scholar
(2) Sonny, H. C., On the microscopical structure of iron and steel. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1887, no. 1, vol. 30, pp. 255288.Google Scholar
(3) Belaiew, N. T., Crystallisation of metals. London, 1923 p. 18. [Min. Abstr., vol. 2, p. 87.]Google Scholar
(4) Belaiew, N. T., Crystallisatin, structure and prolerties of steel on slow cooling. Thesis, Petrograd, 1909. (Russian with German résumé.) See also Sur la cristallisation et structure des aciers refroidis tentement, Revue de Méallurgie, 1912, vol. 9, p. 321; and The structure of steel. Journ. Inst. Aeronautical Engineers, 1920, vol. 1, pp. 14-23.Google Scholar
(5) Belaiew, N. T., Thesis, 1909 ; and following papers as in (4). See also Secondary structures in steel. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, 1923, vol. 28, pp. 537540.Google Scholar
(6) Belaiew, N. T., The Widmanstätten structure in various alloys and metals. Journ. Inst. Metals, 1914, no. 2, vol. 12, pp. 4549.Google Scholar
(7) Belaiew, N. T., The inner structure of the crystal grain as revealed by meteorites and Widmanstätten figures. Journ. Inst. Metals, 1923, no. 1, vol. 29, pp. 379403.Google Scholar
(8)See Ref. (4) and (5), and more particularly (3), pp. 64-71.Google Scholar
(9) Osmond, F. and Cartaud, G., Sur les fers météoriques. Revue de dtallurgie, 1904, vol. 1 p. 69.Google Scholar
(10)For early efforts to reproduce and imitate the meteoric structures in alloys of iron and nickel see :Google Scholar
(a) Stodart, T. and Faraday, M., Experiments on the alloys of steel, ade with a view to its improvement. Quart. Journ. Sci, 1820, vol. 9, pp. 319330.Google Scholar
(b) Anossoff, P., O Bulatakh. [On damascene steel.] Gorny Journal, 1841, vol. 1, p. 162 (Russ.): the same in French in Annuaire du Journal des Mines de Russie, 1843, St. Pétersbourg ; and in German : Ermann, Archiv für die wissenschaftliche Kunde von Russland, vol. 9, p. 510. On Anossoff see : N. T. Belaiew, The Russian contribution in the nineteenth century to the metallurgy of steel. Journ. R. Soc. Arts, 1921, vol. 59, pp. 833-836.Google Scholar
(c) Sorby, H. C. On the microscopical structure of meteorites and meteoric iron. Proc. R. Soc. Londony 1865, vol. 13, p. 333 ; and On the microscopical structure of iron and steel. See Ref. (2), particularly the paragraph on p. 286, under the title Imitation of meteoric iron.Google Scholar
(d) Daubrée, A., Expériences synthéliques relatives aux météorites. Paris (Dunod Ed.), 1868.Google Scholar
(e) Meunier, S. Imitation synthétique des fers nickelés météoritiques. Bull. Soc. Min. France, 1880, vol. 3, pp. 158–155.Google Scholar
(f) Stead, J. E., Discussion on Berwerth's paper. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1907, no. 31 vol. 751 p. 48.Google Scholar
(g) Berwerth, F., Steel and meteoric iron. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst, 1907 no. 3, vol. 757 pp. 3746.Google Scholar
(h) Fraenkel, W. and Tammann, G., Üler metcorisches Eisen. Zeits. Anorg. Chemie, 1908, vol. 60, pp. 416435.Google Scholar
(i) Benedicks, C., Synthèse du fer météorique. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, 1910, ser. 4, no. 101 vol. 2, pp. 126; and Eine Synthese von Meteoreisen. Internationaler Kongress für Bergbau, Hüttenwesen u.s.w., Düsseldorf, 1910, Abteiling 2, Vortrag 24, 7 pp. 1-3. Berlin (Verlag von J. Springer).Google Scholar
(j) Hason, D. and Hanson, Hilda E., The constitution ef the nickel-iron alloys. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1920 no. 21 vol. 102 pp. 3960. At the end of this paper a bibliography of papers dealing with the constitution of the iron-nickel alloys is appended. See also E. Cohen, Meteorilenkunde, Stuttgart, 1905, pp. 78-85; and L. Fletcher An introduction to the study of meteorites, 1914 pp. 35-42. As to the reproduction of WidmanstStten structure in iron-carbon alloys, see :Google Scholar
(k) Osmond, F., Sur la cristallographie du fer. Paris, 1900 p. 24, and figs. 24 and 25 ; and Osmond, F. and Cartaud, G., On the crystallography of iron. The Metallographist, 1901, vol. 4, p. 119.Google Scholar
(l) Arnold, J. O. and McWilliam, A., The thermal transformations of carbon steels. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst, 1905, no. 2, vol. 68, p. 35, and fig. 6 ; and Nature, 1904, vol. 71 p. 32.Google Scholar
(m) Belaiew, N. T. Theis, 1909 (Ref. 4) ; and Sur la reproduction artificielle de la structure de Widmanstätten darts l'acier aa carbone. Revue de Métallurgie, 1910 vol. 7, p. 510 ; and Ref. (1).Google Scholar
(11) Benedicks, C., Sur les fers météoriques naturels et synthéliques et leur conductibilité électrique. Arkiv för Matematik, Astronomi och Fysik, Stockholm, 1917, no. 17, vol. 121 pp. 111.Google Scholar
(12) Rinne, F., Physikaliseh-chemische Bemerkungen über techisches und meteorisches Eisen. Neues Jahrb. Min, 1905, vol. 1, pp. 122158.Google Scholar
(13) Guertler, W. and Tammann, G. Übet die Verbindangen des Eisens mit Silieium. Zeits. Anory. Chem., 1905. vol. 47, pp. 163179.Google Scholar
(14) Hanson, D. and Freeman, J. R., Jun., The constitution of alloys of iron and nickel. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1923, no. 1, vol. 1077 pp. 301314.Google Scholar
(15) Ruer, R. und Klesper, R., Die Gamma-Delta Umwandlung des reine Eisens und ihre Beeinflussung durch C, Si, Co, und Cu. Ferrum, 1914, vol. 2, p. 257.Google Scholar
(16) Honda, K. On the constitutional diagram of the iron-carbon alloys. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1922, no. 17 vol. 105, pp. 381390.Google Scholar
(17)The meteoric irons are usually ‘unigran’, but it is not uncommon to find meteorites with several granules. See for instance: A Himmelbauer Orientierung von Schnittflächen an Meteoreisen. Tschermaks Min. Petr. Mitt., 1909, vol. 28, pp. 153-169. (Reference is there made to the meteorites of Laurens County, of Mukerop, and of Bethany.)Google Scholar