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Chapter V: Houses, Kashims, and Caches

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 June 2018

Frederica De Laguna
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Extract

Not much information about Tena houses can be found in early published accounts. Travelers report permanent villages with semisubterranean houses built of logs, and roofed with bark and turf, from all the Yukon tribes which we visited, with the exception of the Tanana, but give few details of construction. Dall however, specifies for the Un'ā-khō-tanā, between Tanana and Ruby (or, as we should say, between Tanana and the Nowitna), that “their houses are less solidly built and less permanent than those of the Lowlanders [Nulato to Holy Cross].” Of the Tanana Indians, Schwatka reports:

“Their habitations, except among the Indians living near the mouth, are very temporary, being made of moose skins in winter, and generally of a lighter and less substantial character even than this in summer. Near the mouth of the [Tanana] river some of the tribe have underground houses, such as are in use among the Innuits, and are called by the Russians ‘barraboras.’”

Type
Research Article
Information
Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology , Volume 3: The Prehistory of Northern North America as Seen from the Yukon , 1947 , pp. 95 - 113
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1947

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References

1 Dall, 1877a, p. 28; see also Petroff, 1884, p. 161; Porter, 1893, p. 126.

2 Schwatka, 1885, p. 94.

3 Zagoskin (1935), pp. 335 f.

4 Whymper, 1869, pp. 174 ff., fig. on p. 175.

5 Op. cit., p. 230.

6 Jetté,1908, pp. 307 f.

7 Op. cit., pp. 334 f.

8 Osgood, 1940, pp. 303-311.

9 Op. cit., pp. 311 f.

10 Op. cit., pp. 312-318.

11 Op. cit., pp. 319-323.

12 Op. cit., pp. 324 f.

13 Op. cit., pp. 327 f.

14 Op. cit., pp. 326 f.

15 The old grave house of the Carrier (Morice, 1894, Fig. 186) has a similar roof.

16 Collins, 1937a, Fig. 25, pp. 257 ff.

17 Zagoskin (1935), pp. 65 f; E. W. Nelson, 1899, Figs. 74,80,81, pp. 241 ff.

18 de Laguna, 1934, Fig. 5; Osgood, 1937, pp. 55 ff., Figs. 5-8.

19 Dall, 1870, fig. on p. 65.

20 de Laguna, 1936c, p. 584.

21 For a description and discussion of the masked ceremonies see Chapman, 1907; de Laguna, 1936c.

22 Petroff, 1884, p. 161.

23 Osgood, 1940, pp. 290-302.

24 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, Tables A3 and B2; additional citations in Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 377,518.

25 Osgood, 1936, pp. 49 ff., 53 ff.

26 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, Table B 1, pp. 43 ff; additional citations, Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 377, 516.

27 E. W. Nelson, 1899, pp. 242, 247 ff.

28 Osgood, 1936, pp. 48 ff., 52 f.

29 Op. cit., p. 179.

30 Murdoch, 1892, pp. 72 ff.; cf. de Laguna, 1934, pp. 159 ff.

31 Golomstock, 1938, pp. 324 ff., 399 ff., Figs. 46 and 84, 1, 2, 4; Pl. XXIII.

32 Osgood, 1937, pp. 55 ff., Figs. 5 to 8; de Laguna, 1934, Fig. 5. Compare with Collins, 1937a, p. 260.

33 Allen, 1887, pp. 130 f.

34 Morice, 1894, Figs. 17 and 18.

35 Collins, 1937a, Fig. 25, pp. 257 ff.

36 Petroff, 1884, p. 15; Porter, 1893, p. 170.

37 Zagoskin (1935), pp. 65 ff.

38 E. W. Nelson, 1889, p. 245.

39 Waterman, 1921; Mathiassen, 1927, II , pp. 132-157; Birket-Smith, 1929, II , pp. 43-56, 133-137; Collins, 1937a, pp. 256-286; de Laguna, 1934, pp. 157-162.

40 E. W. Nelson, 1899, pp. 261 ff.

41 Teit, 1900, Fig. 139.

42 Teit, 1906, p. 213.

43 Ray, 1939, p. 135.

44 Bogoras, 1904-1909, I, p. 170; Jochelson, 1905-1908, II, p. 448.

45 Quoted by Murdoch, 1892, p. 78.

46 Roberts, 1929, pp. 12 f., Fig. 2; Kidder and Guernsey, 1919, pp. 43 f., Fig. 18.

47 Haury, 1936, Fig. 26 a.

48 Martin, 1940, p. 14, Fig. 1.

49 Haury, 1936, Fig. 26 b.

50 Collins, 1937a, p. 269, Fig. 25.

51 Jochelson, 1905-1908, II, pp. 253 ff.; see Collins’ excellent discussion, esp. op. cit., pp. 271-286.

52 Collins, 1937a, p. 261, Type 3; Geist and Rainey, 1936, Figs. 1, 2, 3.

53 Bogoras, 1904-1909,1, pp. 181 f.

54 Torii, 1919-1921, Fig. 87; Miyasaka and Yawata, 1927, Pls. II and III; Sekino, 1938, Figs. 6 and 7.

55 Waterman, 1921; Spier, 1930, Fig. 18.

56 Strong, 1935, p, 276; 1940, Figs. 24 to 28; Wedel, 1940, Pl. 3.

57 Roberts, 1929, Fig. 2; Morris, 1939, pp. 25 f., 34.

58 Roberts, 1930, Fig. 4, Type A house, Piedra district, Colorado.

59 Morris, 1939, p. 36.

60 Op. cit., pp. 34,36,38; Roberts, 1929, Fig. 26, pp. 87 f.

61 Martin, 1940, Figs. 4, 5, 9 to 11.

62 Nesbitt, 1938, p. 88.

63 Haury, 1936, Fig. 26c, pp. 82 ff.

64 Gladwin, 1937, I, Fig. 36.

65 Collins, 1937a, p. 280, suggests that roof entrance to the house passed from America to Asia by this route.

66 Collins, 1937a, p. 257.

67 Roberts, 1929, p. 87.

68 Mathiassen, 1927,1, pp. 14, 17, 109,115-117,120.

69 Op. cit., I, pp. 134, 142, Fig. 46.

70 Op. cit., I, Figs. 76 and 82.

71 Op. cit., II, pp. 156 ff.

72 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, pp. 43 ff.

73 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 367.

74 E. W. Nelson, 1899, pp. 247 f., Pl. LXXXII.

75 Teit, 1900, p. 192, Fig. 42, Allen, 1887, pp. 130 f.

76 Ray, 1932, p. 32; Teit, 1906, pp. 213 f, Fig. 79.

77 Waterman, 1921, pp. 26-32.

78 de Laguna, 1934, p. 172.

79 Waterman, 1921, p. 32.

80 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, pp. 21 f.; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 516 ff.

81 Creel, 1937a, pp. 61 ft, Fig. 1.

82 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 519.

83 Dall, 1870, p. 37; cf. Jettf, 1908, p. 487; Osgood, 1940, pp. 333-335.

84 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 445 f.

85 Andersson, 1934, pp. 171 ff., Fig. 69.

86 Golomstock, 1938, pp. 322 f., 401, 451, Fig. 84, 3.

87 Jetté, 1908, pp. 336, 481; Osgood, 1940, pp. 328-332.

88 Kuskokwim-Yukon Delta (Porter, 1893, p. 110), lower Yukon (E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 244), St. Michael (Fig. 75), St. Lawrence Island: box or platform (?) (p. 259), King Island: of skin like the elevated summer house (p. 256).

89 Porter, 1893, pi. opposite p. 69; Allen, 1887, Fig. 18; Jenness, 1934, pp. 50, 355; Teit, 1906, p. 215; Birket- Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 378.

90 Jochelson, 1928, p. 65 note 1. Maritime Koryak (Jochelson, 1905-1908, p. 466), Yukaghir (Jochelson, 1926, p. 222, Pl. XVIII, 2), Tungus of the Amur and Sakhalin (Ravenstein, 1861, pp. 348, 379, 395, 399), Ainu (Torii, 1919-1921, pp. 240 f., Fig. 86; Hitchcock, 1891, p. 454, Pl. CI), Gilyak (Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 378), Ostyak (Donner, 1933, Fig. 9).

91 Suenjel, 1936, Pl. LV; Erixon, 1938, pp. 144 ff.

92 Lattimore, 1933, p . 30.

93 Jochelson, 1928, p. 11, Pl. 4 A.

94 Ravenstein, 1861, p. 390.

95 Bishop, 1926, pp. 552 ff., explanation of Pls. 4, I ; 6, 1; etc. Most of these elements he ascribes to proto-Japanese culture, but a number of them are traced by Sternberg (1929) from Ainu culture to a southeastern Asiatic origin.

96 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 519