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Chapter IV: Disposal of the Dead

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 June 2018

Frederica De Laguna
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Extract

According to our own observations and to the published accounts, the Tena have practiced many different methods of disposing of the dead, and there are also a number of supplementary traits associated with these methods. We may list them as follows:

  • 1. Inhumation

  • a) Simple inhumation (lower Innoko, Blackburn to Holy Cross)

  • b) In the house (prehistoric, Khotol River)

  • c) Under a grave house (Nowitna to Holy Cross)

Type
Research Article
Information
Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology , Volume 3: The Prehistory of Northern North America as Seen from the Yukon , 1947 , pp. 79 - 94
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1947

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References

1 de Laguna, 1934, p. 166.

2 Osgood, 1940, p. 409.

3 Dall, 1877a, p. 28.

4 Dall, 1870, p. 95.

5 Schwatka, 1885, Fig. 20.

6 Dall, 1877a, p. 28.

7 Schwatka, 1885, p. 54.

8 Whymper, 1869, p. 211, fig. on p. 208.

9 Jacobsen, 1884, pp. 193 f., my translation.

10 Op. cit., p. 203, my translation.

11 Petroff, 1884, p. 162.

12 Dall, 1870, pp. 128,133, fig. on p. 132.

13 Hrdlička, 1930a, pp. 19, 61, 63.

14 Hrdlička, 19306, Fig. 124.

15 Osgood, 1940, pp. 409-412.

16 Op. cit., pp. 412-414.

17 Op. cit., pp. 414-415.

18 Op. cit., p. 413.

19 Op. cit., p. 415.

20 Op. cit., p. 420.

21 Op. cit., p. 409.

22 Schwatka, 1885, p. 49, Fig. 33.

23 Dall, 1870, p. 79.

24 Allen, 1887, p. 84.

25 Zagoskin (1935), pp. 339 f.

26 Hrdlička, 1930a, p. 61.

27 Osgood, 1940, pp. 415-416.

28 Jetté,1908, p. 344. The story is told in the “Upper Dialect” (Koyukuk ?), but the home of the teller is not given. It is called “The Bear-Skin,” and is almost identical with a story which Birket-Smith and I obtained from the Chugach of Prince William Sound.

29 deLaguna, 1936c.

30 Whymper, 1869, p. 207.

31 Jacobsen, 1884, pp. 196 ff., my translation.

32 Osgood, 1940, pp. 308, 410 f., 416 f., 429.

33 Jetté, 1908, p. 336, in explanation of a story told by a native from Tsenoketlarten on the Koyukuk River.

34 Op. cit., p. 487, in explanation of a story told by a native from Nelenoradol'oten, 2 miles below Nulato.

35 Op. cit., p. 367, explanation of a Koyukuk story.

36 de Laguna, 1934, pp. 163 f.; Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 472 ff.

37 Collins, 1937a, pp. 76,186, 188.

38 Dall, 1878, p. 7; Jochelson, 1925, p. 49.

39 Munro, 1911, p. 87; Miyasaka and Yawata, 1927, Pl. 3.

40 Osgood, 1933, p. 80.

41 Thompson (Teit, 1900, p. 336). Lillooet (Teit, 1906, p. 270). Shuswap (Jenness, 1934, p. 357, note 2, quoting Simon Fraser): The Shuswap “bury them in large tombs which are of a conical form, about 20 feet in diameter and composed of coarse timber.” This description fits the semisubterranean winter house.

42 Information from Dr. Melville Jacobs, University of Washington.

43 E. W. Nelson, 1899, Fig. 100, pp. 317, 320, 322.

44 Petroff, 1884, Pl. IV.

45 Osgood, 1930, p. 80.

46 Petroff, 1884, p. 163.

47 Weyer, 1929.

48 Niblack, 1890, p. 355; Bancroft, 1875, p. 113.

49 Swanton, 1905, pp. 52, 132.

50 Koppert, 1930, pp. 106, 112 f.

51 Teit, 1900, p. 335; Ray, 1939, p. 65.

52 Lewis, 1906, p. 190.

53 Jenness, 1934, p. 343.

54 Haeberlin and Gunther, 1930, p. 53.

55 Gunther, 1927, p. 248.

56 Ray, 1939, pp. 75 ff., Fig. 8, and Pl. 3.

57 Information from Dr. Melville Jacobs, University of Washington.

58 Ray, 1939, p. 67.

59 Jochelson, 1926, Pls. XIII, 2; XIV, 1; p. 227.

60 Ravenstein, 1861, pp. 385 f., fig. on p. 386; Lattimore, 1933, p. 51; Czaplicka, 1914, p. 156.

61 Czaplicka, 1914, p. 153.

62 Ravenstein, 1861, pp. 4,351,364.

63 Op. cit., p. 397.

64 Zagoskin (1935), p. 296.

65 Dall, 1870, pp. 224 f.; E. W. Nelson, 1899, pp. 315 f., Fig. 102.

66 E. W. Nelson, 1899, pp. 312,320.

67 Petroff, 1884, p. 163.

68 Jenness, 1934, p. 404; Osgood, 1936, pp. 145,149.

69 Osgood, 1933, p. 80.

70 Jenness, 1934, p. 382.

71 Ray, 1939, pp. 65 f.; Teit, 1900, p. 335.

72 Swan, 1874, pp. 132 f.; Jenness, 1934, p. 335.

73 Boas, 1916, p. 442.

74 Porter, 1893, p. 60.

75 Koppert, 1930, p. 106; Jenness, 1934, p. 347.

76 Haeberlin and Gunther, 1 930, p. 53 (Snohomish, Snuqualmi, Nisqually).

77 Ray, 1938, pp. 75 f.; Information from Dr. Melville Jacobs, University of Washington.

78 Czaplicka, 1914, pp. 161 f., 145, 156.

79 Op. cit., p. 155, Pls. 14 and 15; Jochelson, 1926, pp. 223 f. (the passage is not clear), 225.

80 Ravenstein, 1861, pp. 386, 399; Czaplicka, 1914, pp. 145, 156, 162.

81 Lattimore, 1933, p. 51. Some of the hollow stone coffins of the Iron Age Japanese also look as if they had had the same origin.

82 Ibid.

83 Birket-Sroith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 474.

84 Dixon, 1928, pp. 220f.

85 Jochelson, 1926, p. 229, Pl. XV.

86 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 166 ff.

87 Czaplicka, 1914, p. 152.

88 Spier and Sapir, 1930, pp. 271 f.

89 Jenness, 1934, p. 382.

90 Ray, 1939, pp. 62 f.

91 Information from Dr. Melville Jacobs, University of Washington.

92 Czaplicka, 1914, p. 164.

93 Chugach (fieldnotes, 1933), Kodiak (Dall, 1878, p. 31), Central Eskimo (Birket-Smith, 1929, II, pp. 40 f.), St. Lawrence Island (W. E. Nelson, 1899, p. 321), Nunivak Island (information from Henry B. Collins, Jr., Bureau of American Ethnology).

94 E. W. Nelson, 1899, pp. 311, 318.

95 Birket-Smith, 1929, II, pp. 40 f.

96 Osgood, 1933, p. 81; Jenness, 1934, p. 393.

97 Teit, 1900, pp. 334 f., 328, p. 300 note 1; Ray, 1939, pp. 62 f.

98 Teit, 1906, p. 269.

99 Teit, 1909, p. 593.

100 Teit, 1928, p. 127.

101 Swan, 1870, p. 83.

102 Nisqually (Haeberlin and Gunther, 1930, p. S3), Sanpoil and Nespellem (Ray, 1932, p. 151), Kalapuya (information from Dr. Melville Jacobs).

103 Ravenstein, 1861, pp. 397 f.; Hitchcock, 1891, pp. 465 ff., Fig. 83.

104 Ravenstein, 1861, p. 386.

105 Czaplicka, 1914, p. 162.

106 Op. cit., p. 155.

107 Wishram (Ray, 1939, p. 65), others (Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 378 f.).

108 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 167 f.

109 Lattimore, 1933, pp. 56 f., Fig. 3b; Ravenstein, 1861, p. 337 and fig., and p. 383.

110 E. W. Nelson, 1899, pp. 311 f.

111 Petroff,1884,Pl.IV.

112 Porter, 1893, pp. 104 ff., 109; E. W. Nelson, 1899, pp. 316 ff., Fig. 104.

113 E. W. Nelson, 1899, p. 319, Fig. 105; Murdoch, 1892, p. 426.

114 MacLeod, 1925, p. 146; 1929, p. 109. For the distribution of slavery and slave offerings, cf. Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 450 ff.

115 Creel, 1937a, Chapter XIV.

116 Morice, 1894, pp. 200 f., Fig. 186.

117 Teit, 1930, pp. 288 f.

118 Teit, 1900, pp. 329, 334 ff.

119 Koppert, 1930, p. 106.

120 Spier and Sapir, 1930, p. 271.

121 Ray, 1939, Fig. 8.

122 Jochelson, 1926, pp. 227 f., Pl. XIV, I

123 Ravenstein, 1861, p. 386.

124 Czaplicka, 1914, pp. 152, 163.

125 Boas, 1916, p. 442, MacLeod, 1925, pp. 146 f.; Ravenstein, 1861, p. 397; de Laguna, 1934, p. 164.

126 James, 1928, p. 216.

127 Osgood, 1936, pp. 145, 149.

128 Osgood, 1937, p. 166.

129 Hrdlička, 1935, p. 52.

130 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, pp. 471 f.;

131 Czaplicka, 1914, pp. 161, 156 f., 152.

131 Chamberlain, 1905, p. 108.

132 James, 1928, p. 230; MacLeod, 1925, pp. 127 f. Cf. Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 472 and authors cited there.

133 Birket-Smith and de Laguna, 1938, p. 519.