Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T20:35:13.325Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A STUDY OF THE SYSTEMATICS OF THE WATER MITE FAMILY PIONIDAE (PROSTIGMATA: PARASITENGONA)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Get access

Abstract

A phylogeny is proposed for the 30 species groups in the 13 genera here included in the family Pionidae. The phylogeny is based upon a detailed analysis of available morphological data for larval and adult stages according to the methodology advocated by Hennig. This methodology is outlined and discussed. The proposed phylogeny provides the basis for a revised classification of the pionids and permits new insight into certain biological manifestations of phylogeny, namely habitat diversification, life history modification, and geographic distribution, in the group.Original descriptions are provided for the larvae of 41 pionid species (20 for the first time) representing 24 species groups in eight genera. Three new species, Wettina ontario n. sp., Forelia pinguipalpis n. sp., and Tiphys cooki n. sp., are described along with the previously undescribed male adult of Pseudofeltria multipora Cook and female adults of Forelia cayuga Habeeb and Forelia onondaga Habeeb. Keys and new diagnoses are presented for pionid genera and species groups. Keys to the larvae and adults, and new distributional data, are included for the pionid species known to occur in Ontario.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1976

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bader, C. 1955. Hydracarinen-Diagnosen aus dem Nachlass von Dr. C. Walter. Verh. Naturf. Ges. Basel 66: 6184.Google Scholar
Barr, D. W. 1972. The ejaculatory complex in water mites (Acari: Parasitengona):morphology and potential value for systematics. Life Sci. Contr. 87, R. Ont. Mus. 87 pp.Google Scholar
Barr, D. W. 1973. Methods for the collection, preservation and study of rvater mites. Life Sci. misc. Publ., R. Ont. Mus. 28 pp.Google Scholar
Biesiadka, E. 1971. Déscription de Pseudofeltria quadriscutald sp. n. (Hydrachnellae, Acari). Bull. Acad. Polonaise, Sci. (Serie des sciences biologiques) C1. VI. 19: 715719.Google Scholar
Böttger, K. 1962. Zur Biologie und Ethologie der einheimischen Wassermilben Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) globator (Müll.), 1776; Piona nodata nodata (Müll.), 1776 und Eylais infundibulifera meridionalis (Thor), 1899 (Hydrachnellae, Acari). Zool. Jb., Abt. Syst., Ökol. u. Geogr. 89: 501584.Google Scholar
Brundin, L. 1966. Transantarctic relationships and their significance as evidenced by chironomid midges with a nonograph of the subfamilies Podonominae and Aphroteniinae and the Austral Heptagyiae. K. svenska Vetensk-Akad. Handl. 11. 472 pp.Google Scholar
Brundin, L. 1972 a. Phylogenetics and biogeography. Syst. Zool. 21: 6979.Google Scholar
Brundin, L. 1972 b. Evolution, causal biology, and classification. Zool. Scripta 1: 107120.Google Scholar
Cook, D. R. 1955. Preliminary studies of the Hydracarina of Michigan: The subfamily Foreliinae Viets (Acarina: Pionidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 48: 299307.Google Scholar
Cook, D. R. 1956. Preliminary studies of the Tiphysinae of the United States (Acarina: Pionidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 49: 264274.Google Scholar
Cook, D. R. 1960 a. Water mites of the genus Piona in the United States (Acarina: Pionidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 53: 3560.Google Scholar
Cook, D. R. 1960 b. Two new species of Nautarachna from western North America (Acarina: Nautarachnidae). Ent. News 71: 227230.Google Scholar
Cook, D. R. 1961 a. New species of Bandakia, Wettina, and Athienemannia from Michigan (Acarina: Hydracarina). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 63: 262268.Google Scholar
Cook, D. R. 1961 b. Water mites of the genus Feltria in central and western United States (Acarina: Feltriidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 54: 118133.Google Scholar
Cook, D. R. 1963 a. Studies on the phreaticolous water mites of North America: New or unreported genera of Axonopsidae. Am. Midl. Nat. 70: 110125.Google Scholar
Cook, D. R. 1963 b. Studies on the phreaticolous water mites of North America: The gents Feltria (Acarina: Feltriidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 56: 488500.Google Scholar
Cook, D. R. 1966. Water mites of Liberia. Mem. Ant. ent. Inst. 6. 418 pp.Google Scholar
Cook, D. R. 1967 a. Two new species of water mites from Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 67: 218222.Google Scholar
Cook, D. R. 1967 b. Water mites from India. Mem. Am. ent. Inst. 9. 411 pp.Google Scholar
Cook, D. R. 1970 a. New or incompletely known species of Feltria from North America (Acarina: Feltriidae). Michigan Ent. 3: 6683.Google Scholar
Cook, D. R. 1970 b. North American species of the genus Hydrochoeutes (Acarina: Pionidae). Michigan Ent. 3: 108117.Google Scholar
Cook, D. R. 1974. Water mite genera and subgenera. Mem. Am. ent. Inst. 21. 860 pp.Google Scholar
Crowell, R. 1960. The taxonomy, distribution and developmental stages of Ohio water mites. Bull. Ohio biol. Surv. 1: 177.Google Scholar
Crowell, R. 1967. The immature instars of Albia caerulea (Acarina: Axonopsidae), a water mite parasitizing caddisflies (Trichoptera). Can. Ent. 99: 730734.Google Scholar
Efford, I. 1963. The parasitic ecology of some water mites. J. Anim. Ecol. 32. 141156.Google Scholar
Efford, I. 1965. Ecology of the water mite Feltria romijni Besseling. J. Anim. Ecol. 34: 233251.Google Scholar
Efford, I. 1966 a. Observations on the life history of three stream-dwelling water mites. Acarologia 8: 8693.Google Scholar
Efford, I. 1966 b. The larva of Feltria romijni. Acarologia 8: 456459.Google Scholar
Ellis-Adam, A. C. and Davids, C.. 1970. Oviposition and postembryonic development of the water mite Piona alpicola (Neuman, 1880). Neth. J. Zool. 20: 122137.Google Scholar
Gledhill, T. 1960. Some water mites (Hydrachnellae) from seepage water. J. Quekett microsc. Club (ser. 4) 5: 293307.Google Scholar
Griffiths, G. D. C. 1972. The phylogenetic classification of Diptera Cyclorrhapha with special reference to the male post abdomen. Junk, The Hague. 340 pp.Google Scholar
Habeeb, H. 1954 a. North American Hydrachnellae, Acari. IX–XVI. Leafl. Acadian Biol. 2. pp. 114.Google Scholar
Habeeb, H. 1954 b. North American Hydrachnellae, Acari. XVII. Leafl. Acadian Biol. 3. pp. 14.Google Scholar
Habeeb, H. 1954 c. North American Hydrachnellae, Acari. XVIII–XXV. Leafll. Acadian Biol. 4. pp. 18.Google Scholar
Habeeb, H. 1955. North American Hydrachnellae, Acari. XXXII–XXXIV. Leafl. Acadian Biol. 7. pp. 14.Google Scholar
Habeeb, H. 1956. North American Hydrachnellae. XXXIX–XLI. Leafl. Acadian Biol. 12. pp. 14.Google Scholar
Habeeb, H. 1957. New Hydrachnellae from North Carolina. Leafl. Acadian Biol. 15. pp. 18.Google Scholar
Habeeb, H. 1966. New Hydrachnellae from vicinity of Auburn, New York. Leafl. Acadian Biol. 41. pp. 18.Google Scholar
Haller, G. 1882. Die Arten der Gattungen der schweizer Hydrachnidenfauna. Mitt. naturf. Ges. Bern 2: 1883.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1966. Phylogenetic systematics. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 263 pp.Google Scholar
Imamura, T. 1951. Studies on three water-mites from Hokkaido parasitic on midges. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ. (ser. VI, Zoology) 10: 274288.Google Scholar
Imamura, T. and Mitchell, R. D. 1967. The water mites parasitic on the damselfly, Cercion hieroglyphicum Brauer. I. Systematics and life history. Annot. Zool. Japonensis 40: 2836.Google Scholar
Jones, R. K. H. 1967. Descriptions of the larvae of Aturus scaber Kramer, Protzia eximia Protz and Piona uncata Koenike, with notes on the life-histories of the latter two. Ann. Limnol. 3: 231247.Google Scholar
Koch, C. L. 1836 a, b, c; 1837. Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden, fasc. 5, 8, 9, 11 respectively.Google Scholar
Koch, C. L. 1842. Ubersicht des Arachnidensystems, Nurnberg, fasc. 3.Google Scholar
Koenike, F. 1883. Verzeichnis der in Harz gesammelten Hydrachniden. Abh. naturw. Ver. Bremen 8: 3137.Google Scholar
Koenike, F. 1888. Eine nene Hydrachnide aus schwach salzhaltigem Wasser. Ablt. naturw. Ver. Breman 10: 273293.Google Scholar
Koenike, F. 1891. Nomenclatorische Correcteur innerhalb der Hydrachniden-Familie. Zool. Anz. 141: 1920.Google Scholar
Koenike, F. 1892. Ammerkungen zu Piersig's Beitrag zur Hydrachnidenkunde. Zool. Anz. 15: 263268.Google Scholar
Koenike, F. 1908. Ein neue Hydrachniden-Genus und eine unbekannte Neumania-Species. Zool. Anz. 32: 704707.Google Scholar
Koenike, F. 1909. Acarina, Milben. Die Süsswasserfauna Deutschlands 12: 13184. Fischer Verlag, Jena.Google Scholar
Koenike, F. 1910. Ein Acarinen-insebesondere Hydracarinen-System nebst hydracarinologischen Berichtigungen. Abh. naturw. Ver Bremen 20: 121164.Google Scholar
Kramer, P. M. 1875. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Hydrachniden. Arch. Naturgesch. 41: 263332.Google Scholar
Lanciani, C. 1969. Three species of Eylais (Acari: Eylaidae) parasitic on aquatic Hemiptera. Trans. Am. microsc., Soc. 88: 356365.Google Scholar
Lanciani, C. 1970. New species of Eylais (Acari: Eylaidae) parasitic on aquatic Coleoptera. Trans. Am. microsc. Soc. 89: 169188.Google Scholar
Lundblad, O. 1927. Die Hydracarinen Schwedens I. Zool. Bidrag Uppsala 11: 185540.Google Scholar
Lundblad, O. 1941. Neue Wassermilben. Vorläufige Mitteilung. Ent. Tidskr. 62: 97121.Google Scholar
Lundblad, O. 1942. Die Hydracarinenfauna Südbrasiliens und Paraguays. Zweiter Teil. Svenska Vetensk-Akad. Handl., ser. 3, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1175.Google Scholar
Lundblad, O. 1943 a. Die Hydracarinenfauna Südbrasiliens und Paraguays. Dritter Teil. Svenska Vetensk-Akad. Handl., ser. 3, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1148.Google Scholar
Lundblad, O. 1943 b. Die Hydracarinenfanna Südbrasiliens und Paraguays. Vierter Teil. Svenska Vetensk-Akad. Handl., ser. 3, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 1171.Google Scholar
Lundblad, O. 1947. Zur Kenntnis australischer Wassermilben. Ark. Zool. 40: 182.Google Scholar
Lundblad, O. 1956. Zur Kenntnis süd-und mitteleuropäischer Hydrachnellen. Ark. Zool. (ser. 2) 10: 1306.Google Scholar
Lundblad, O. 1962. Die Hydracarinen Schwedens II. Ark. Zool. (ser. 2) 14: 1635.Google Scholar
Marshall, R. 1929 a. The morphology and developmental stages of a new species of Piona. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. 24: 401404.Google Scholar
Marshall, R. 1929 b. Canadian Hydracarina. Univ. Toronto Stud. biol. Ser. 33: 5793.Google Scholar
Marshall, R. 1937. Preliminary study of the Hydracarina of Wisconsin. Part V. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. 30: 225252.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. D. 1954. Water mites of the genus Aturus (Family Axonopsidae). Trans. Am. microsc. Soc. 73: 350367.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. D. 1955. Anatomy, life history and evolution of the mites parasitizing freshwater mussels. Misc. Publs Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich. 89. 28 pp.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. D. 1956. Redescriptions of four water-mites of the genus Aturus. Am. Midl. Nat. 56: 191196.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. D. 1957 a. The mating behaviour of pionid water-mites. Am. Midl. Nat. 58: 360366.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. D. 1957 b. Major evolutionary lines in water mites. Syst. Zool. 6: 137148.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. D. 1958. The evolution of exoskeletons and mite phylogeny. Proc. Tenth int. Congr. Ent. 1 (1956): 863865.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. D. 1959. Life histories and larva1 behaviour of arrenurid water-mites parasitizing Odonata. Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 67: 112.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. D. 1964 a. An approach to the classification of water mites. C.R. 1er Congres Int. d'Acarologie, 1963. Acarologia 6: 7579.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. D. 1964b. A study of sympatry in the water mite genus Arrenurus (family Arrenuridae). Ecology 45: 546558.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. D. 1967. Host exploilation by two closely related water mites. Evolution 21: 5975.Google Scholar
Moniez, R. 1888. Note sur une Hydrachnide Marine, Nautarachna asperrimum, nov. gen., nov. sp. Revue biol. Nord Fr. 2: 6468.Google Scholar
Motas, C. 1928. Contribution à la connaissance des Hydracariens francais particulièrement du Sud-Est de la France. Trav. Lab. Hydrobiol. Piscic. univ. Grenoble 20: 49164.Google Scholar
Müller, O. F. 1776. Zoologiae Danicae Prodromus, seu animalium Danioe et Norvegiae indigenarum characteres, homina, et synonyma imprimis popularium. Havniae. 32+282 pp.Google Scholar
Münchberg, P. 1935. Zur Kenntnis des Parasitismus der Larven der Hydracarinen-Unter-familie der Pioninae nebst Beschreibung der Larven zweier Arten. Abh. Ber. Grehzmärk. Ges. Schneidemühl. 10: 97106.Google Scholar
Münchberg, P. 1952. Über Fortpflanznng, Lebenweise und Korperbau von Arrenurus planus Marsh., zugleich ein weiterer Beitrag zur Ökologie und Morphologie der im arctogäischen Raum eine libellen parasitische Larvenphase aufweisenden Arrenuri (Ordntrng: Hydracarina). Zool. Jbch. Syst. 81: 2746.Google Scholar
Munroe, D. D. 1974. The systematics, phylogeny, and zoogeography of Symmerus Walker and Australosymmerus Freeman (Diptera: Mycetophilidae: Ditomyiinae). Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 92. 183 pp.Google Scholar
Neuman, C. J. 1875. Gottland och Ölands spindlar och vattengtalster. Öfvers. Vetensk-Akad. Förh. (Stockholm) 2: 91104.Google Scholar
Newell, I. M. 1957. Studies on the Johnstonianidae (Acari, Parasitengona). Pacif. Sci. 11: 396466.Google Scholar
Oudemans, A. C. 1909. Über die bis jetzt bekannten Thrombidium-Larven und über eine neue Klassifikation der Prostigmata. Tijdschr. Ent. 52: 1961Google Scholar
Oudemans, A. C. 1941. Neue Funde auf dem Gebeite der Systematik und der Nomenklatur der Acari. VIII. Zool. Anz. 136: 177186.Google Scholar
Piersig, R. G. 1892. Eine neue Hydrachniden-Gattung aus dem sächsischen Erzgebirge. Zool. Anz. 15: 408415.Google Scholar
Piersig, R. G. 1894 a. Notiz. Zool. Anz. 17: 150.Google Scholar
Piersig, R. G. 1894 b. Sachsens Wassermilben. Zool. Anz. 17: 213216Google Scholar
Piersig, R. G. 1894 c. Beiträge zur Systematik und Entwicklungsgescichte der Süsswassermilben. Zool. Anz. 18: 1925.Google Scholar
Piersig, R. G. 18971900. Deutschlands Hydrachniden. Zoologica 19: 1601.Google Scholar
Piersig, R. G. 1901. Bemerkungen über die Gattung Arrhenurus Duges. Zool. Anz. 24: 216220.Google Scholar
Prasad, V. and Cook, D. R.. 1972. Water mite larvae. Mem. Am. ent. Inst. 18. 326 pp.Google Scholar
Ross, H. H. 1974. Biological systematics. Addison-Wesley. 345 pp.Google Scholar
Schworbel, J. 1962. Paarungsverhalten bei wassermilben. Die Natur 11–12: 218223.Google Scholar
Smith, I. M. 1972. A review of the water mite genus Noutarachna (Acari:Parasitengona: Pionidae). Life Sci. Contr. 86, R. Ont. Mus. 17 pp.Google Scholar
Soar, C. D. 1904. Two new British water mites. J. Quekett microsc. Club (ser. 2) 9: 105108.Google Scholar
Soar, C. D. and Williamson, W.. 1927, 1929. The British Hydracarina, Vol. II (215 pp.), Vol. III (184 pp.) Ray Society, London.Google Scholar
Sparing, I. 1959. Die Larven der Hydrachnellae, ihre parasitische Entwicklung und ihre Systematik. Parasit. SchrReihe. 10: 1165.Google Scholar
Thor, S. 1898. Huitfeldtia en ny hydrachnide-slegt fra Søndfjord, Norge. Arch. Math. Naturvid. 20: 1–6.Google Scholar
Thor, S. 1900. Prodromus systematis Hydrachnidarum. Nytt. Mag. Naturvid 38: 14.Google Scholar
Thor, S. 1901. Fjerde bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydrachnider. “Norske hydrachnider”. IV. Arch. Math. Naturvid. 23: 158.Google Scholar
Thor, S. 1929. Über die Phylogenie und Systematik der Acarina, mit Beiträgen zur ersten Entwicklungsgeschichte einzelner Gruppen. XIII–XV. Nytt Mag. Naturvid. 67: 145210.Google Scholar
Uchida, T. 1932. Some ecological observations on water mites. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. (ser. VI) 1: 143165.Google Scholar
Uchida, T. 1940. Über den Begattungsakt ber Forelia variegator. Annot. Zool. Japonens. 19: 280282.Google Scholar
Viets, K. 1914. Uber die Begattungsvorgänge bei Acercus-Arten. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. Hydrogr. (Biol. Suppl.) 6: 110.Google Scholar
Viets, K. 1924. Die Hydracarinen der norddeutschen, besonders der holsteinisehen Seen (Versuch einer Ökologie der See-Hydracarinen). Arch. Hydrobiol. (Suppl. 4) 1: 71179.Google Scholar
Viets, K. 1926. Versuch eines Systems der Hydracarinen. Zool. Anz. 69: 188199.Google Scholar
Viets, K. 1929. Einige neue Hydracarinen-Gattung aus Java und Bemerkungen zum System der Hydracarinen. Zool. Anz. 80: 161170.Google Scholar
Viets, K. 1936. Wassermilben oder Hydracarina (Hydrachnellae ttnd Halacaridae). Tierwelt. Dtl. 31–32: 1574.Google Scholar
Viets, K. 1937. Über einige Wassermilben aus Jugoslawien. Zool. Anz. 120: 294301.Google Scholar
Viets, K. 1942. Zur Nomenklatur und Systematik der Hydrachnellae (Acari). Zool. Anz. 138: 210212.Google Scholar
Viets, K. 1949. Nomenklatorische und taxonomische Bemerkungen zur Kenntnis der Wassermilben (Hydrachnellae, Acari). Abh. naturw. Ver. Bremen 32: 292327.Google Scholar
Viets, K. 1950. Water-mites (Hydrachnellae) from Greece. J. Quekett microsc. Club (ser. 4) 3: 150161.Google Scholar
Viets, K. 1956. Die Milben des Süsswassers und des Meeres. Zweiter und Dritter Teil. Fischer Verlag, Jena. 870 pp.Google Scholar
Vitzthum, H. L. W. 1941. Über den Parasitismus der Feltria-Larven. Z. ParisitKde. 12: 362371.Google Scholar
Wainstein, B. A. 1969. Lichinka Forelia variegator (Koch, 1837) (Hydrachnellae). Informat. bull. Inst. Biologica Vnutrennikh Vod. (Akademica Nauk SSSR) 3: 2122.Google Scholar
Walter, C. 1922. Hydracarinen aus den Alpen. Rev. suisse Zool. 29: 227411.Google Scholar
Walter, C. 1925. Marine Hygrobatidae. Revision der Wassermilben Genera Pontarachna Philippi und Nautarachna Moniez. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. Hydrogr. 14: 154.Google Scholar
Wesenberg-Lund, C. 1918. Contributions to the knowledge of the postembryonal development of the Hydracarina. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren (Odetse) 70: 557.Google Scholar
Wiggins, G. B. 1973. A contribution to the biology of caddisflies (Trichoptera) in temporary pools. Life Sci. Contr. 88, R. Ont. Mus. 28 pp.Google Scholar
Wolcott, R. H. 1902. The North American species of Curvipes. Trans. Am. microsc. Soc. 23: 201256.Google Scholar
Wolcott, R. H. 1905. A review of the genera of water mites. Trans. Am. microsc. Soc. 26: 161243.Google Scholar