Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-b95js Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-15T15:05:03.116Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

THE PROSIMULIUM OF CANADA AND ALASKA (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

B. V. Peterson
B. V. Peterson*
Affiliation:
Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa
Get access

Abstract

The 33 species of Prosimulium Roubaud known from Canada and Alaska are reviewed. These are segregated into four subgenera: Distosimulium new subgenus, containing one species; Parahelodon new subgenus, containing three species; Helodon Enderlein, containing seven species of which clavatum, martini, and susanae are new, and one (known only from the larva) remains undescribed; Prosimulium s. str., containing 25 species of which approximatum, constrictistylum, impostor, mysticium, neomacropyga, and woodorum are new. Species of the last subgenus are segregated into three species groups. A lectotype is designated for P. ursinum (Edwards). Descriptions, distribution maps, keys, and 158 illustrations for the identification of the known adults, pupae, and larvae are provided.

Résumé

Les 33 espèces de Prosimulium Roubaud connues du Canada et de l'Alaska sont redécrites ici. Elles sont divisées en quatre sous-genres : Distosimulium n. sgen., avec une espèce; Parahelodon n. sgen., avec trois espèces; Helodon Enderlein avec sept espèces, dont clavatum, martini et susanae sont nouvelles et dont une reste non décrite; Prosimulium s. str. contenant 25 espèces, dont approximatum, constrictistylum, impostor, mysticum, neomacropyga et woodorum sont nouvelles. Les espèces de Prosimulium s. str. sont classées en trois groupes. Un lectotype est désigné pour P. ursinum (Edwards). Des descriptions, des cartes montrant la répartition géographique, des tables dichotomiques et 158 illustrations sont présentées pour l'identification des différents stades des espèces actuellement connues.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada , Volume 102 , Supplement S69 , 1970 , pp. 9 - 216
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1970

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abdelnur, O. M. 1968. The biology of some black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Alberta. Quaest. ent. 4: 113–174.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R., and DeFoliart, G. R.. 1961. Feeding behavior and host preferences of some black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Wisconsin. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 54: 716–729.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R., and Dicke, R. J.. 1960. Ecology of the immature stages of some Wisconsin black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 53: 386–404.Google Scholar
Baker, C. F. 1897. Simulium ochraceum again. Ent. News 8: 172.Google Scholar
Basrur, P. K. 1959. The salivary gland chromosomes of seven segregates of Prosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) with a transformed centromere. Can. J. Zool. 37: 527–570.Google Scholar
Basrur, P. K. 1962. The salivary gland chromosomes of seven species of Prosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Alaska and British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 40: 1019–1033.Google Scholar
Basrur, V. R., and Rothfels, K. H.. 1959. Triploidy in natural populations of the black fly Cnephia mutata (Malloch). Can. J. Zool. 37: 571–589.Google Scholar
Bennett, G. F. 1960. On some ornithophilic blood-sucking Diptera in Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada. Can. J. Zool. 38: 377–389.Google Scholar
Bennett, G. F. 1961. On the specificity and transmission of some avian trypanosomes. Can. J. Zool. 39: 17–33.Google Scholar
Bennett, G. F. 1963. The salivary gland as an aid in the identification of some simuliids. Can. J. Zool. 41: 947–952.Google Scholar
Bennett, G. F., and Fallis, A. M.. 1960. Blood parasites of birds in Algonquin Park, Canada, and a discussion of their transmission. Can. J. Zool. 38: 261–273.Google Scholar
Carlsson, G. 1962. Studies on Scandinavian black flies (fam. Simuliidae Latr.). Opusc. Ent. Suppl. 21.Google Scholar
Carlsson, G. 1966. Cytology of the black fly Prosimulium frohnei Sommerman. Hereditas, Lund 55: 73–78.Google Scholar
Carlsson, G. 1968. Morphology of the black fly Prosimulium frohnei Sommerman. (Dipt. Simuliidae). Opusc. Ent. 33: 191–196.Google Scholar
Cole, F. R., and Lovett, A. L.. 1921. An annotated list of the Diptera (flies) of Oregon. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4) 11: 197–344.Google Scholar
Coquillett, D. W. 1898. The buffalo-gnats, or black-flies, of the United States. U.S. Dep. Agric., Div. Ent. Bull. 10 (New Ser.): 66–69.Google Scholar
Coquillett, D. W. 1900. Papers from the Harriman Alaska expedition. IX. Entomological results (3): Diptera. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 2: 389–464.Google Scholar
Coquillett, D. W. 1902. New Diptera from North America. Proc. US. nat. Mus. 25: 83–126.Google Scholar
Crosskey, R. W. 1960. A taxonomie study of the larvae of West African Simuliidae (Diptera: Nematocera) with comments on the morphology of the larval black-fly head. Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.), Ent. 10: 1–74.Google Scholar
Davies, D. M. 1952. The population and activity of adult female black flies in the vicinity of a stream in Algonquin Park, Ontario. Can. J. Zool. 30: 287–321.Google Scholar
Davies, D. M., and Peterson, B. V.. 1956. Observations on the mating, feeding, ovarian development, and oviposition of adult black flies (Simuliidae, Diptera). Can. J. Zool. 34: 615–655.Google Scholar
Davies, D. M., Peterson, B. V., and Wood, D. M.. 1962. The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Ontario. I. Adult identification and distribution with descriptions of six new species. Proc. ent. Soc. Ont. 92 (1961): 70–154.Google Scholar
Davies, D. M., and Syme, P. D.. 1958. Three new Ontario black flies of the genus Prosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae). II. Ecological observations and experiments. Can. Ent. 90: 744–759.Google Scholar
Davies, L. 1951. Some field observations on Simuliidae (Diptera) at Holandsfjord, Norway. Oikos 3: 193–199.Google Scholar
Davies, L. 1954. Observations on Prosimulium ursinum Edw. at Holandsfjord, Norway. Oikos 5: 94–98.Google Scholar
Davies, L. 1957. A new Prosimulium species from Britain, and a re-examination of P. hirtipes Fries from the Holarctic region (Diptera: Simuliidae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 26: 1–10.Google Scholar
Davies, L. 1960. The first-instar larva of a species of Prosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae). Can. Ent. 92: 81–84.Google Scholar
Davies, L. 1961. Ecology of two Prosimulium species (Diptera) with reference to their ovarian cycles. Can. Ent. 93: 1113–1140.Google Scholar
Davies, L. 1965. The structure of certain atypical Simuliidae (Diptera) in relation to evolution within the family, and the erection of a new genus for the Crozet Island black-fly. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 176: 159–180.Google Scholar
Diamond, J. B., and Hart, W. G.. 1953. Notes on the blackflies (Simuliidae) of Rhode Island. Mosquito News 13: 238–242.Google Scholar
Dorogostajskij, V., Rubtzov, I., and Vlasenko, N.. 1935. Notes on taxonomy, biology and geographical distribution of black flies in east Siberia [in Russian, with English summary]. Mag. Parasitol., Zool. Inst. Acad. Sci. URSS 5: 107–204.Google Scholar
Downes, J. A. 1962. What is an arctic insect? Can. Ent. 94: 143–162.Google Scholar
Downes, J. A. 1964. Arctic insects and their environment. Can. Ent. 96: 279–307.Google Scholar
Downes, J. A. 1965. Adaptations of insects in the arctic. A. Rev. Ent. 10: 257–274.Google Scholar
Downes, J. A., Downe, A. E. R., and Davies, L.. 1962. Some aspects of the behaviour and physiology of biting flies that influence their role as vectors. Verb. 11th int. Kongr. Ent., Wien 3: 119–121.Google Scholar
Dyar, H. G., and Shannon, R. C.. 1927. The North American two-winged flies of the family Simuliidae. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 69: 1–54.Google Scholar
Edwards, F. W. 1931. Simuliidae. In Diptera of Patagonia and south Chile, Pt. 2, Fasc. 4. pp. 121–154.Google Scholar
Edwards, F. W. 1935 a. Diptera Nematocera from east Greenland. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 15: 467–473.Google Scholar
Edwards, F. W. 1935 b. Diptera from Bear Island. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 15: 531–543.Google Scholar
Enderlein, G. 1921 a. Das System der Kriebelmücken (Simuliidae). Dtsch. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. 29: 197–200.Google Scholar
Enderlein, G. 1921 b. II. Mitteilungen aus Museen, Instituten usw. 1. Die systematische Gliederung der Simuliiden. Zugleich eine Bitte um Überlassung von Simuliidenmaterial. Zool. Anz. 53: 43–46.Google Scholar
Enderlein, G. 1925. Weitere Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Simuliiden und ihrer Verbreitung. Zool. Anz. 62: 201–211.Google Scholar
Enderlein, G. 1930. Der heutige Stand der Klassifikation der Simuhiden. Arch. klass. phylog. Ent. 1: 77–97.Google Scholar
Fallis, A. M. 1964. Feeding and related behavior of female Simuliidae (Diptera). Exp. Parasit. 15: 439–470.Google Scholar
Fallis, A. M., and Bennett, G. F.. 1961. Sporogony of Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus in simuliids and ceratopogonids and a revised classification of the Haemosporidiida. Can. J. Zool. 39: 215–228.Google Scholar
Fallis, A. M., and Bennett, G. F.. 1962 a. Observations on the sporogony of Leucocytozoon mirandae, L. bonasae, and L. fringillinarum (Sporozoa: Leucocytozoidae). Can. J. Zool. 40: 395–400.Google Scholar
Fallis, A. M., and Bennett, G. F.. 1962 b. Simuliids, ceratopogonids and hippoboscids in relation to blood parasites of birds. Verh. 11th int. Kongr. Ent., Wien 3: 112–115.Google Scholar
Fallis, A. M., and Smith, S. M.. 1964. Ether extracts from birds and CO2 as attractants for some ornithophilic simuliids. Can. J. Zool. 42: 723–730.Google Scholar
Frohne, W. C., and Sleeper, D. A.. 1951. Reconnaissance of mosquitoes, punkies, and blackflies in southeast Alaska. Mosquito News 11: 209–213.Google Scholar
Gjullin, C. M., Sleeper, D. A., and Husman, C. N.. 1949. Control of black fly larvae in Alaskan streams by aerial applications of DDT. J. econ. Ent. 42: 392.Google Scholar
Goulding, R. I., and Deonier, C. C.. 1950. Observations on the control and ecology of black flies in Pennsylvania. J. econ. Ent. 43: 702–704.Google Scholar
Hearle, E. 1932. The blackflies of British Columbia (Simuliidae, Diptera). Proc. ent. Soc. Br. Columb. 29: 5–19.Google Scholar
Hocking, B. 1950. Further tests of insecticides against black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) and a control procedure. Sci. Agric. 30: 489–508.Google Scholar
Hocking, B., and Pickering, L. R.. 1954. Observations on the bionomics of some northern species of Simuliidae (Diptera). Can. J. Zool. 32: 99–119.Google Scholar
Hocking, B., and Richards, W. R.. 1952. Biology and control of Labrador black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Bull. ent. Res. 43: 237–257.Google Scholar
Jamnback, H., and Frempong-Boadu, J.. 1966. Testing blackfly larvicides in the laboratory and in streams. Bull. World Hlth Org. 34: 405–421.Google Scholar
Jenkins, D. W. 1948. Ecological observations on the blackflies and punkies of central Alaska. Mosquito News 8: 148–154.Google Scholar
Knowlton, G. F., and Fronk, L. E.. 1950. Some blood sucking Diptera of Utah. Utah Agric. Exp. Stn Mimeo Ser. 369.Google Scholar
Knowlton, G. F., Harmston, F. C., and Hardy, D. E.. 1938. Blood-sucking Utah Diptera. Utah Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters 15: 103–105.Google Scholar
Lundström, C. 1911. Beiträge zur kenntnis der Dipteren Finlands VII. Melusinidae (Simuliidae). Acta Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 34: 1–23.Google Scholar
Malloch, J. R. 1914. American black flies or buffalo gnats. U.S. Dep. Agric. Bur. Ent. Tech. Ser. 26.Google Scholar
McAtee, W. L. 1922. Prosimulium fulvum Coquillett a biting species (Dip., Simuliidae). Ent. News 33: 79.Google Scholar
Nicholson, H. P., and Mickel, C. E.. 1950. The black flies of Minnesota (Simuliidae). Univ. Minn. Agric. Exp. Stn Tech. Bull. 192.Google Scholar
Novák, V. 1957. Twinnia hydroides Novák, 1956 (Diptera, Simuliidae, Gymnopainae) její morfologie, způsob života a systematické zařazení. Cesk. Parasit. 4: 227–237.Google Scholar
Ottonen, P. O. 1966. The salivary gland chromosomes of six species in the IIIS-1 group of Prosimulium Roub. (Diptera: Simuliidae). Can. J. Zool. 44: 677–701.Google Scholar
Peterson, B. V. 1955. A preliminary list of the black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Utah. Proc. Utah Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters 32: 113–115.Google Scholar
Peterson, B. V. 1956. Observations on the biology of Utah black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Can. Ent. 88: 496–507.Google Scholar
Peterson, B. V. 1958. A redescription of the female and first descriptions of the male, pupa and larva of Prosimulium flaviantennus (S. and K.) with notes on the biology and distribution. Can. Ent. 90: 469–473.Google Scholar
Peterson, B. V. 1959 a. Observations on mating, feeding, and oviposition of some Utah species of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Can. Ent. 91: 147–155.Google Scholar
Peterson, B. V. 1959 b. Notes on the biology of some species of Utah blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Mosquito News 19: 86–90.Google Scholar
Peterson, B. V. 1960 a. Notes on some natural enemies of Utah black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Can. Ent. 92: 266–274.Google Scholar
Peterson, B. V. 1960 b. The Simuliidae (Diptera) of Utah, Part I. Keys, original citations, types and distribution. Gt Basin Nat. 20: 81–104.Google Scholar
Peterson, B. V. 1962. Cnephia abdita, a new black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) from eastern North America. Can. Ent. 94: 96–102.Google Scholar
Peterson, B. V. 1965 a. An entomologist's impressions of Iceland. Proc. ent. Soc. Ont. 95 (1964): 16–18.Google Scholar
Peterson, B. V. 1965 b. The status of the name Prosimulium albionense Rothfels. Proc. ent. Soc. Ont. 95 (1964): 142.Google Scholar
Peterson, B. V. 1970. The identities of three closely related western species of Prosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae). Can. Ent. 102: 118–128.Google Scholar
Peterson, B. V., and DeFoliart, G. R.. 1960. Four new species of Prosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) from western United States. Can. Ent. 92: 85–102.Google Scholar
Peterson, D. G., and Wolfe, L. S.. 1958. The biology and control of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Canada. Proc. 10th int. Congr. Ent., Montreal, Vol. 3, pp. 551–564.Google Scholar
Rees, D. M., and Peterson, B. V.. 1953. The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the canyons near Salt Lake City, Utah. Proc. Utah Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters 30: 57–59.Google Scholar
Rothfels, K. H. 1956. Black flies: siblings, sex, and species grouping. J. Hered. 47: 113–122.Google Scholar
Rothfels, K. H., and Basrur, P. K.. 1960. The interrelations of Prosimulium hirtipes (Fries) and allied European and North American species (Diptera: Simuliidae) — A salivary gland chromosome study. Verh. 11th int. Kongr. Ent., Wien, Vol 1, p. 435.Google Scholar
Rothfels, K., and Freeman, M.. 1966. The salivary gland chromosomes of three North American species of Twinnia (Diptera: Simuliidae). Can. J. Zool. 44: 937–945.Google Scholar
Roubaud, M. E. 1906. Aperçus nouveaux, morphologiques et biologiques, sur les Diptères piqueurs du groupe des Simulies. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris 143: 519–521.Google Scholar
Rubtzov, I. A. 1940. Fauna USSR. Insects Diptera. Black flies (Fam. Simuliidae) [in Russian, with English summary]. Zool. Inst. Acad. Sci. USSR (N.S. 23) 6(6): 1–533.Google Scholar
Rubtzov, I. A. 1956. Fauna USSR. Insects Diptera. Black flies (Fam. Simuliidae) [in Russian]. Zool. Inst. Acad. Sci. USSR (N.S. 64) 6(6): 1–860.Google Scholar
Rubtzov, I. A. 1960–1961. 14. Simuliidae (Melusinidae). In Lindner, E. (ed.), Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region. Lfg. 211: 97–160; Lfg. 214: 161–208.Google Scholar
Rubtzov, I. A., and Carlsson, G.. 1965. On the taxonomy of black flies from Scandinavia and northern USSR. Acta Univ. Lund. II, 18: 1–40.Google Scholar
Sailer, R. I. 1953. The blackfly problem in Alaska. Mosquito News 13: 232–235.Google Scholar
Shewell, G. E. 1952. New Canadian black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). I. Can. Ent. 84: 33–42.Google Scholar
Shewell, G. E. 1957. Interim report on distributions of the black flies (Simuliidae) obtained in the northern insect survey. Can. Dep. Nat. Def., Def. Res. Bd Envir. Prot. Tech. Rep. 7.Google Scholar
Shewell, G. E. 1958. Classification and distribution of arctic and subarctic Simuliidae. Proc. 10th int. Congr. Ent., Montreal, Vol. 1, pp. 635–643.Google Scholar
Shewell, G. E. 1959. New Canadian black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). III. Can. Ent. 91: 686–697.Google Scholar
Smart, J. 1945. The classification of the Simuliidae (Diptera). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 95: 463–532.Google Scholar
Snoddy, E. L., and Hays, K. L.. 1966. A carbon dioxide trap for Simuliidae (Diptera). J. econ. Ent. 59: 242–243.Google Scholar
Sommerman, K. M. 1953. Identification of Alaskan black fly larvae (Diptera, Simuliidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 55: 258–273.Google Scholar
Sommerman, K. M. 1958. Two new species of Alaskan Prosimulium, with notes on closely related species (Diptera, Simuliidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 60: 193–202.Google Scholar
Sommerman, K. M. 1962. Prosimulium doveri, a new species from Alaska, with keys to related species (Diptera: Simuliidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 63: 225–235.Google Scholar
Sommerman, K. M. 1964. Prosimulimn esselbaughi n. sp., the Alaskan P. hirtipes 2 (Diptera: Simuliidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 66: 141–145.Google Scholar
Sommerman, K. M., Sailer, R. I., and Esselbaugh, C. O.. 1955. Biology of Alaskan black flies (Simuliidae, Diptera). Ecol. Monogr. 25: 345–385.Google Scholar
Stains, G. S., and Knowlton, G. F.. 1940. Three new western Simuliidae (Diptera). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 33: 77–80.Google Scholar
Stains, G. S., and Knowlton, G. F.. 1943. A taxonomie and distributional study of Simuliidae of western United States. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 36: 259–280.Google Scholar
Stiles, C. W., and Hassall, A.. 1928. Key-catalogue of insects of importance in public health. Treasury Dep., US. Publ. Hlth. Serv., Hyg. Lab. Bull. 150: 291–408.Google Scholar
Stone, A. 1952. The Simuliidae of Alaska. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 54: 69–96.Google Scholar
Stone, A. 1962. Notes on the types of some Simuliidae (Diptera) described by Enderlein. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 55: 206–209.Google Scholar
Stone, A. 1963. An annotated list of genus-group names in the family Simuliidae (Diptera). U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1284.Google Scholar
Stone, A. 1964. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera or true flies of Connecticut. Ninth Fascicle [part]. Family Simuliidae. St. Geol. nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. 97.Google Scholar
Stone, A. 1965 a. The relationships of Nearctic and Palaearctic Simuliidae (Diptera). Proc. 12th int. Congr. Ent., London, Sect. 12, 762.Google Scholar
Stone, A. 1965 b. Family Simuliidae, pp. 181–189. In Stone, A. et al. , (eds.), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. U.S. Dep. Agric., Agric. Handb. 276.Google Scholar
Stone, A., and Jamnback, H. A.. 1955. The black flies of New York State (Diptera: Simuliidae). Bull. N.Y. St. Mus. 349.Google Scholar
Strickland, E. H. 1938. An annotated list of the Diptera (flies) of Alberta. Can. J. Res., D, 16: 175–219.Google Scholar
Sutherland, D. W. S., and Darsie, R. F. Jr. 1960. A report on the blackflies (Simuliidae) of Delaware. I. Record of Delaware species and an introduction to a survey of the western branches of the Christiana River, New Castle County. Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 55: 46–52.Google Scholar
Syme, P. D., and Davies, D. M.. 1958. Three new Ontario black flies of the genus Prosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae). I. Descriptions, morphological comparisons with related species, and distribution. Can. Ent. 90: 697–719.Google Scholar
Travis, B. V. 1949. Studies of mosquito and other biting-insect problems in Alaska. J. econ. Ent. 42: 451–457.Google Scholar
Twinn, C. R. 1936. The blackflies of eastern Canada (Simuliidae, Diptera). Can. J. Res., D, 14: 97–150.Google Scholar
Twinn, C. R. 1938. Blackflies from Utah and Idaho, with descriptions of new species (Simuliidae, Diptera). Can. Ent. 70: 48–55.Google Scholar
Twinn, C. R. 1939. Notes on some parasites and predators of blackflies (Simuliidae, Diptera). Can. Ent. 71: 101–105.Google Scholar
Usova, Z. V. 1961. Black fly fauna of Karelia and the Murmansk region (Diptera, Simuliidae). [In Russian.] Publ. Acad. Sci. USSR.Google Scholar
Vargas, L. 1945. Simulidos del Nuevo Mundo. Inst. Salub. Enferm. Trop., Monogr. 1.Google Scholar
Wellman, F. C. 1908. Notes on some Angolan insects of economic or pathologic importance. Ent. News 19: 224–230.Google Scholar
Wirth, W. W., and Stone, A.. 1956. Aquatic Diptera, pp. 372–482. In Usinger, R. L. (ed.), Aquatic insects of California. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Wolfe, L. S., and Peterson, D. G.. 1959. Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the forests of Quebec. Can. J. Zool. 37: 137–159.Google Scholar
Wood, D. M., and Davies, D. M.. 1966. Some methods of rearing and collecting black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Ont. 96 (1965): 81–90.Google Scholar
Wood, D. M., Peterson, B. V., Davies, D. M., and Gyorkos, H.. 1963. The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Ontario. II. Larval identification, with descriptions and illustrations. Proc. ent. Soc. Ont. 93 (1962): 99–129.Google Scholar