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INSECTS IN THERMAL SPRINGS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Gordon Pritchard
Gordon Pritchard*
Affiliation:
Division of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Abstract

Thermal springs are characterized by year-round high temperatures and a total-dissolved-solids concentration that is generally higher than that of surface waters. Insects appear to encounter few constraints from the water chemistry of most thermal springs, but considerable constraint from the high water temperature. Indeed, because no insect lives above 50 °C and very few above 40 °C, few thermal springs offer favorable conditions for insects in the actual boil itself. Thermal spring insects live in the stream at some distance from the source, and they may be defined as living in habitats having temperature regimens that are influenced by geothermy in the sense that they are warmer than they otherwise would be. An annual mean water temperature that is 5 °C above the annual mean air temperature of the region can be used to define the downstream limit of geothermal influence.Thermal springs around the world have similar insect faunas; only four orders (Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Odonata) are commonly represented, and each of these only by a handful of genera. Furthermore, the fauna of any one thermal spring is characterized by very few species, and the higher the temperature the lower the species richness. Both temperature and water chemistry may exclude certain species, and even whole orders, from thermal springs, these factors acting either directly, alone or in concert, or indirectly through competitive interactions. Even moderately warmed systems can significantly affect insect growth rates, and seasonal regulation of adult emergence through diapause is a common strategy of temperate-zone thermal spring insects.Thermal springs present many advantages to the ecologist, such as long-term habitat constancy, temperature stability, and taxonomic simplicity. They provide field laboratories for the study of temperature-related phenomena as well as the opportunity to explore a range of questions in biogeography and evolutionary biology. The challenge is to form the questions and select the systems critically.

Résumé

Les sources thermales sont caractérisées par des températures élevées à longeur de l'année et par une concentration de solides dissous généralement plus élevée que celle des eaux de surface. Les insectes semblent rencontrer peu de contraintes liées à la chimie de l'eau de la plupart de sources thermales, mais rencontrent par contre une contrainte considérable due à la température élevée de l'eau. Certes, parce qu'aucun insecte ne vit à une température au-dessus de 50 °C et très peu d'entre eux à une température au-dessus de 40 °C, peu de sources thermales offrent des conditions favorables aux insectes dans les endroits immédiats où ces eaux font surface. Les insectes des sources thermales vivent dans le cours d'eau à quelque distance de l'origine de la source et peuvent être définis comme vivant dans les habitats ayant des régimes de température influencés par géothermie, dans le sens qu'ils sont plus chauds qu'ils auraient été autrement. Une température moyenne annuelle de l'eau, qui se trouve 5 °C au-dessus de la température moyenne annuelle de l'air de la région, pourrait servir à définir la limite d'influence géothermique en aval.

Les sources thermales du monde entier ont des faunes entomologiques semblables : seulement quatre ordres (Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Odonata) sont normalement présents et chacun d'eux présente seulement quelques genres. De plus, la faune d'une source thermale est caractérisée par très peu d'espèces, et plus la température est élevée plus la diversité est faible. La température et la chimie de l'eau peuvent exclure certaines espèces, et même des ordres en entiers, des sources thermales, ces deux facteurs agissant soit directement, seuls ou en concert, ou indirectement à travers des interactions compétitives. Même des systèmes qui sont modérément chauds peuvent influencer significativement le taux de croissance des insectes et la régulation saisonnière de l'émergence des insectes adultes par la diapause est une stratégie commune chez les insectes des sources thermales des zones tempérées.

Les sources thermales présentent plusieurs avantages à l'écologiste, à savoir : constance à long terme de l'habitat; stabilité de la température; et simplicité taxinomique. Elles fournissent des laboratoires de terrain pour l'étude des phénomènes reliés à la température en plus de donner l'occasion de rechercher une foule de questions reliées à la biogéographie et à la biologie évolutionniste. Le défi est de formuler les questions et de sélectionner soigneusement les systèmes.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada , Volume 123 , Supplement S155 , 1991 , pp. 89 - 106
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1991

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