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ENTOMOPOXVIRUSES OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS: BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL POTENTIAL

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

D.A. Streett ,
S.A. Woods  and
M.A. Erlandson
D.A. Streett
Affiliation:
USDA/ARS, Rangeland Insect Laboratory, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA 59717-0366
S.A. Woods
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA 04469
M.A. Erlandson
Affiliation:
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0X2
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Abstract

Entomopoxviruses (EPVs) are insect poxviruses that are often found infecting grasshoppers and locusts. Nearly 15 grasshopper and locust EPVs have been reported in the literature. This review describes our current knowledge of the biology of grasshopper and locust EPVs including virus ultrastructure, host range, production in cell culture, pathology, process of infection, epizootiology, and field evaluations of the viruses to assess their potential as biological control agents. The most extensively studied has been the Melanoplus sanguinipes EPV (MsEPV). Trypsin-like protease activity has been identified in association with MsEPV occlusion bodies but its importance in the infection process is not known. Mortality from MsEPV has been found to occur in two distinct time frames over 6 weeks or longer. MsEPV is also the only grasshopper EPV that has been grown in vitro and been shown to produce virus that is both infectious and virulent to M. sanguinipes. Horizontal transmission of grasshopper EPVs is apparently by consumption of infected cadavers. Field evaluations of MsEPV at an application rate of 1 × 1010 occlusion bodies per hectare resulted in a 23% prevalence after 13 days despite a considerable amount of dispersal of grasshoppers between plots. Epizootiological studies of EPVs will continue to be an area requiring additional research. Virus production and a limited host range are the two most critical issues affecting the development of EPVs as microbial control agents.

Résumé

Les entomopoxvirus (EPV) sont des virus des insectes souvent rencontrés chez les criquets. Près de 15 EPV de criquets sont mentionnés dans la littérature. On trouvera ici une révision de l'état de nos connaissances sur la biologie des EPV des criquets, ultrastructure, éventail des hôtes, production en culture, pathologie, processus d'infection, épizootiologie et évaluation en nature, opération destinée à évaluer le potentiel de ces organismes comme agents de lutte biologique. Le virus le plus étudié est l'EPV du Criquet voyageur, Melanoplus sanguinipes (MsEPV). Une protéase de type trypsine a été trouvée en association avec les corps d'inclusion du poxvirus, mais son importance dans le processus infectieux est encore inconnue. La mortalité attribuable au MsEPV se produit selon deux périodes temporelles distinctes au cours d'une durée de 6 semaines ou plus. Le MsEPV est également le seul EPV de criquet a avoir été produit in vitro et le seul à avoir été reconnu capable de produire un virus à la fois infectieux et virulent pour M. sanguinipes. La transmission horizontale des EPV de criquets se fait apparemment par consommation de cadavres infectés. L'évaluation du MsEPV en nature après application de 1 × 1010 corps d'inclusion par hectare a démontré que 23% des criquets étaient infectés après 13 jours, malgré la dispersion importante des criquets d'une parcelle de terrain à une autre. L'étude des épizooties causées par les EPV reste un domaine de recherche très ouvert. La production des virus et la gamme limitée d'hôtes restent deux problèmes critiques dans l'élaboration d'EPV qui pourront servir d'agents de lutte microbienne. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Research Article
Information
The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada , Volume 129 , Supplement S171 , 1997 , pp. 115 - 130
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1997

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Footnotes

1

Present address: USDA/ARS, Southern Insect Management Unit, P.O. Box 346, Stoneville, Mississippi. 38776 U.S.A.

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