Basrur, V.R. and Rothfels, K.H.. 1959. Triploidy in natural populations of the blackfly Cnephia mutata (Malloch). Can. J. Zool. 37: 571–589.Google Scholar

Baust, J.G. 1973. Mechanisms of cryoprotectron in freezing-tolerant animal systems. Cryobiology 10: 197–205.Google Scholar

Beck, S.D. 1968. Insect photoperiodism. Academic Press, N.Y.Google Scholar

Beck, S.D. 1974. Photoperiodic determination of insect development and diapause I. Oscillators, hourglasses and a determination model. J. Comp. Physiol. 90: 275–295.10.1007/BF00701477Google Scholar

Bradshaw, W.E. 1976. Geography of photoperiodic response in diapausing mosquito. Nature, Lond. 262: 384–385.Google Scholar

Chippendale, G.M. 1977. Hormonal control of larval diapause. A. Rev. Ent. 22: 121–138.10.1146/annurev.en.22.010177.001005Google Scholar

Church, N.S. 1955. Hormones and the termination and reinduction of diapause in Cephus cinctus Nort. Can. J. Zool. 33: 339–369.Google Scholar

Clifford, H.F. 1969. Limnological features of a northern brown-water stream with special reference to the life histories of the aquaric insects. Am. Midl. Nat. 82: 578–597.Google Scholar

Corbet, P.S. 1964. Temporal patterns of emergence in aquatic insects. Can. Ent. 96: 264–279.Google Scholar

Corbet, P.S. 1965. Reproduction in mosquitoes of the high arctic. Proc. XIIth int. Congr. Ent.: 817–818.Google Scholar

Corbet, P.S. 1967. Facultative autogeny in arctic mosquitoes. Nature, Lond. 215: 662–663.10.1038/215662a0Google Scholar

Corbet, P.S. and Danks, H.V.. 1973. Seasonal emergence and activity of mosquitoes in a high arctic locality. Can. Ent. 105: 837–872.Google Scholar

Corbet, P.S. 1975. Egg-laying habits of mosquitoes in the high arctic. Mosquito News 35: 8–14.Google Scholar

Crossley, D.A. Jr., 1976. (1977). The roles of terrestrial saprophagous arthropods in forest soils: current status and concepts. pp. 49–56in Mattson, W.T. (Ed.), The role of arthropods in forest ecosystems. Springer, N.Y.Google Scholar

Dahl, C. 1967. Notes on the taxonomy and distribution of arctic and subarctic Trichoceridae (Dipt. Nem.) from Canada, Alaska and Greenland. Opusc. Ent. 32: 49–78.Google Scholar

Danilevskii, A.S. 1965. Photoperiodisrr and seasonal development of insects. English ed. Oliver and Boyd, London.Google Scholar

Danilevskii, A.S., Goryshin, N.I., and Tyschenko, V.P.. 1970. Biological rhythms in terrestrial arthropods. A. Rev. Ent. 15: 201–244.Google Scholar

Danks, H.V. 1971 a. Life history and biology of Einfeldia synchrona (Diptera: Chironomidae). Can. Ent. 103: 1597–1606.Google Scholar

Danks, H.V. 1971 b. Overwintering of some north temperare and arctic Chironomidae II. Chironomid biology. Can. Ent. 103: 1875–1910.Google Scholar

Danks, H.V. 1978 a. Some effects of photoperiod, temperature and food on emergence in three species of Chironomidae (Diptera). Can. Ent. 110: 289–300.Google Scholar

Danks, H.V. 1978 b. Modes of seasonal adaptation in the insects. I. Winter survival. Can. Ent. 110: 1167–1205.10.4039/Ent1101167-11Google Scholar

Danks, H.V. and Byers, J.R.. 1972. Insects and archnids of Bathurst Island, Canadian atctic archipelago. Can. Ent. 104: 81–88.Google Scholar

Danks, H.V and Oller, D.R.. 1972 a. Seasonal emergence of some high arctic Chironomidae (Diptera). Can. Ent. 104: 661–686.Google Scholar

Danks, H.V and Oller, D.R.. 1972 b. Diel periodiciries of emergence of some high arctic Chironomidae (Diptera). Can. Ent. 104: 903–916.10.4039/Ent104903-6Google Scholar

Davies, L. 1961. Ecology of the Prosimulium species (Diptera) with reference to their ovarian cycles. Can. Ent. 93: 1113–1140.Google Scholar

Davies, L. 1966. The taxonomy of Briiish black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 118: 413–506.10.1111/j.1365-2311.1966.tb00832.xGoogle Scholar

Delettre, Y. 1976. Contribution à l'étude des populations larvaires de Parosmittia sp. carinata Strenzke affinis (Diptera, Chironomidae) dans une formation pionnière de la lande Armoricaine. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. 13(4): 579–594.Google Scholar

Deletrre, Y.-R. and Bailliot, S.. 1977. Sur la resistance de larves de Chironomidae Orthocladiinae à l'assdèhement du sol. C.R. Acad. Sci. D. Sci. Nat. 284(17): 1717–1719.Google Scholar

DeWilde, J. 1970. Hormones and the environment. Mem. Soc. Endocrinol. 18: 487–514.Google Scholar

Dingle, H. (Ed.). 1978. Evolution of insect migration and diapause. Springer-verlag, N.Y.284 pp.Google Scholar

Dorvnes, J.A. 1962. What is an arctic insect? Can. Ent. 94: 143–162.Google Scholar

Dorvnes, J.A. 1964. Arctic insects and their environtnenl. Can. Ent. 96: 279–307.Google Scholar

Dorvnes, J.A. 1965. Adaptations of insects in the arctic. A. Rev. Ent. 10: 257–274.Google Scholar

Duman, J.C. 1977. The role of macromolecular antifreeze in the darkling beeile Meracantha contracta. J. Comp. Physiol. (B) 5: 279–286.Google Scholar

French, R.A. 1966. Long distance movement of two migrant Lepidoptera in relation to synoptic weather condirions. Biometeorology II. (Proc. IIIrd int. Congr. Biometeor. 1963): 523–540.Google Scholar

Grodhaus, G. 1976. Two species of Phaenopsectra with drought resistant larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae). J. Kans. ent. Soc. 49: 405–418.Google Scholar

Hadtey, N.F. 1972. Desert species and adaptation. Am. Scient. 60: 338–347.Google Scholar

Hagvar, S. 1971. Field observations on the ecology of a snow insect, Chionea araneoides Dalm (Dipt., Tipulidae). Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 18: 33–37.Google Scholar

Harper, P.P. and Pilon, J.G.. 1970. Annual patterns of emergence of some Quebec stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera). Can. J. Zool. 48: 681–694.Google Scholar

Haufe, W.O. 1966 a. Synoptic correlation of weather with mosquito activity. Biometeorology II. (Proc. IIIrd int. Congr. Biameteor. 1963): 523–540.Google Scholar

Haufe, W.O. 1966 b. The significance of biometeorology in the ecology of insects. Int. J. Biometeor. 10: 241–252.Google Scholar

Haufe, W.O. and Burgess, L.. 1956. Development of Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) at Fort Churchill, Manitoba, and prediction of dates of emergence. Ecology 37: 500–519.Google Scholar

Hedlin, A.F. 1960. On the life history of the Douglas-fir cone moth, Barbara colfaxiana (Kft.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), and one of its parasites Glypta evetriae Cush. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Can. Ent. 92: 826–834.Google Scholar

Higler, L.W.G. 1975. Reactions of some caddis larvae (Trichoptera) to different types of substrate in an experimental stream. Freshwat. Biol. 5: 151–158.Google Scholar

Hilsenhoff, W.L. 1967. Ecology and population dynamics of Chironomus plumosus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 60: 1183–1194.10.1093/aesa/60.6.1183Google Scholar

Hinks, C.F. and Byers, J.R.. 1976. Biosystematics of the genus Euxoa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). V. Rearing procedures and life cycles of 36 species. Can. Ent. 108: 1345–1357.Google Scholar

Holmquist, A.M. 1926. Studies in arthropod hibernation. i. Ecological survey of hibernating species from forest environments of the Chicago region. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 19: 395–426.Google Scholar

Huffaker, C.B. and Messenger, P.S.. 1964. The concept and significance of natural control. Chap. 4. In Debach, P. (Ed.), Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. Reinhold, N.Y.Google Scholar

Hynes, H.B.N. 1961. The invertebrate fauna of a Welsh mountain stream. Arch. Hydrobiol. 57: 344–388.Google Scholar

Hynes, H.B.N. 1970 a. The ecology of stream insects. A. Rev. Ent. 15: 25–42.Google Scholar

Hynes, H.B.N. 1970 b. The ecology of running waters. U. Toronto Press.Google Scholar

Hynes, H.B.N. and Hynes, M.E.. 1975. The life histories of many of the Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Soutlreastern mainland Australia. Austr. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 26: 113–153.Google Scholar

Jensen, R.E., Savage, E.F., and Hayden, R.A.. 1970. The effect of certain environmental factors on cambium temperatures of peach trees. J. Am. hort. Sci. 95: 286–292.Google Scholar

Kevan, P.G. 1975. Sun-tracking solar furnaces in high arctic flowers: significance for pollination and insects. Science 189: 723–726.Google Scholar

Kevan, P.G. and Shorthouse, J.D.. 1970. Behavioural thermoregulation by high arctic butterflies. Arctic 23: 229–239.Google Scholar

Khoo, S.G. 1968. Experimental studies on diapause in stoneflies. I. Nymphs of Capnia bifrons (Newman). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 43: 40–48.Google Scholar

Landa, V. 1968. Developmental cycles of central European Ephemeroptera and their interrelations. Acta. ent. Bohemoslov. 4: 276–284.Google Scholar

Landau, R. 1962. Four forms of Simulium tuberosum (Lundstr.) in southern Ontario: a salivary gland chromosome study. Can. J. Zool. 40: 921–939.Google Scholar

Lees, A.D. 1955. The physiology of diapause in arthropods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.Google Scholar

Lees, A.D. 1968. Photoperiodism in insects, pp. 67–138in Giese, A.C. (Ed.), Photophysiology, Vol. IV. Academic Press, N.Y.Google Scholar

Lewis, D.J. and Bennett, G.F.. 1974. The blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of insular Newfoundland. II. Seasonal succession and abundance in a complex of small streams in the Avalon peninsula. Can. J. Zool. 52: 1107–1113.Google Scholar

Lindeberg, B. 1974. Parthenogenetic and normal populations of Abiskomyia virgo Edw. (Diptera, Chironomidae). Ent. Tidskr. 95 Suppl: 157–161.Google Scholar

Lutz, P.E. 1968. Effect of temperature and photoperiod on larval development in Lestes eurinus (Odonata: Lestidae). Ecology 49: 637–644.10.2307/1935529Google Scholar

Mackay, R.J. 1972. Temporal patterns in life history and flight behaviour of Pycnopsyche gentilis, P. luculenta and P. scabripennis (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Can. Ent. 104: 1819–1935.10.4039/Ent1041819-11Google Scholar

Mackay, R.J. and Kalff, J.. 1973. Ecology of two related species of caddisfly larvae in the organic substrates of a woodland stream. Ecology 54: 499–511.Google Scholar

MacLean, S.F. 1973. Life cycle and growth energetics of the arctic cranefly Pedicia hannai antennata. Oikos 24: 436–443.Google Scholar

Madsen, B.L. 1968. A comparative biological investigation of two related mayfly nymphs. Hydrobiologia 31: 337–349.Google Scholar

Mansingh, A. 1971. Physiological classification of dormancies in insects. Can. Ent. 103: 983–1009.Google Scholar

McAlpine, J.F. 1965. Insects and related terrestrial invertebrates of Ellef Ringnes Island. Arctic 18: 73–103.Google Scholar

McNeill, J. 1976. The taxonomy and evolution of weeds. Weed Research 16: 399–413.Google Scholar

Meryman, H.T. 1974. Freezing injury and its prevention in living cells. A. Rev. Biophys. Bioengng. 3: 341–363.Google Scholar

Morris, R.F. (Ed.). 1963. The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 31. 332 pp.Google Scholar

Müller, H.J. 1966. Probleme der Insektendiapause. Zool. Anz. Suppl. 29: 192–222.Google Scholar

Müller, H.J. 1970. Formen der Dormanz bei Insekten. Nova Acta Leopoldina 35: 1–27.Google Scholar

Newman, L.J. 1970. Seasonal inversion polymorphism and sex ratio changes in Prosimulium onychodactylum. Genetica 64: 546–547.Google Scholar

Nuorteva, P. 1963. The influence of Oporinia autumnata (Bkh) (Lep., Geometridae) on the timber-line in subarctic conditions. Ann. ent.fenn. 29: 270–277.Google Scholar

Oliver, D.R. 1968. Adaptations of arctic Chironomidae. Ann. zool. fenn. 5: 111–118.Google Scholar

Oliver, D.R. 1976. Chironomidae (Diptera) of Char Lake, Cornwallis Island, N.W.T., with descriptions of two new species. Can. Ent. 108: 1053–1064.Google Scholar

Oliver, D.R. and Corbet, P.S.. 1966. Aquatic habitats in a high arctic locality: The Hazen camp study area, Ellesmere Island, N.W.T. Operation Hazen, No. 26. 115 pp. + 50 figs. Defence Res. Bd. Canada, Ottawa.Google Scholar

Pasternak, J. 1964. Chromosome polymorphism in the blackfly Simulium vittatum (Zett.). Can. J. Zool. 42: 135–158.Google Scholar

Paulson, D.R. and Jenner, C.E.. 1971. Population structure in overwintering larval Odonata in North Carolina in relation to adult flight season. Ecology 52: 96–103.Google Scholar

Philogène, B.J.R. 1971. Revue des travaux sur les formes de diapause chez les Tenthrédinoidés (Hyménoptères: symphites) les plus communs. Annls Soc. ent. Québ. 16: 112–119.Google Scholar

Prebble, M.L. 1941. The diapause and related phenomena in Gilpinia polytoma (Hartig). V. Diapause in relation to epidemiology. Can. J. Res. (D) 19: 437–454.10.1139/cjr41d-034Google Scholar

Richards, K.W. 1973. Biology of Bombus polaris Curtis and B. hyperboreus Schönherr at Lake Hazen, Northwest Territories (Hymenoptera:Bombini). Quaest. ent. 9: 115–157.Google Scholar

Rothfels, K.H. 1956. Blackflies: siblings, sex and species grouping. J. Hered. 47: 113–122.Google Scholar

Rothfels, K.H. 1979. Cytotaxonomy of blackflies (Simuliidae). A. Rev. Ent. 24: 507–539.Google Scholar

Rothfels, K., Feraday, R., and Kaneps, A.. 1978. A cytological description of sibling species of Simulium venustum and S. verecundum with standard maps for the subgenus Simulium Davies (Diptera). Can. J. Zool. 56: 1110–1128.Google Scholar

Ruppell, G. 1968. Über Ökologie and Tagesrhythmus von Bodenarthropoden eutrophierter Tundragebiete Westspitzbergens. Pedobiologia 8: 150–157.Google Scholar

Salt, R.W. 1947. Some effects of temperature on the production and elimination of diapause in the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. Can. J. Res. (D) 25: 66–86.Google Scholar

Salt, R.W. 1961. Principles of insect cold-hardiness. A. Rev. Ent. 6: 55–74.Google Scholar

Salt, R.W. 1966. Effect of cooling rate on the freezing temperatures of supercooled insects. Can. J. Zool. 44: 655–659.Google Scholar

Saunders, D.S. 1976. Insect clocks. Pergamon Press, London.Google Scholar

Schaefer, M. 1976. An analysis of diapause and resistance in the egg stage of Floronia bucculenta (Araneida: Linyphiidae). A contribution to winter ecology. Oecologia (Berl.) 25: 155–175.Google Scholar

Scholander, P.R., Flagg, W., Walters, V., and Irving, L.. 1953. Climatic adaptation in arctic and tropical poikilotherms. Physiol. Zool. 26: 67–92.Google Scholar

Somme, L. 1976. Cold-hardiness of winter-active Collembola. Norw. J. Ent. 23: 149–163.Google Scholar

Stark, R.W. 1959 a. Climate in relation to winter mortality of the lodgepole needle miner, Recurvaria starki Freeman, in Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks. Can. J. Zool. 37: 753–761.Google Scholar

Stark, R.W. 1959 b. Population dynamics of the lodgepole needle miner, Recurvaria starki Freeman, in Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks. Can. J. Zool. 37: 917–943.Google Scholar

Tauber, M.J. and Tauber, C.A.. 1973. Insect phenology: criteria for analysing dormancy and for forecasting postdiapause development and reproduction in the field. Search (Agric.) 3(12):1–16. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stn., Ithaca, N.Y.Google Scholar

Tauber, M.J. and Tauber, C.A.. 1976. Insect seasonality: diapause maintenance, termination and postdiapause development. A. Rev. Ent. 21: 81–107.Google Scholar

Thiele, H.U. 1973. Remarks about Mansingh's and Müller's classifications of dormancies in insects. Can. Ent. 105: 925–928.Google Scholar

Tjeder, B. 1963. Three subapterous craneflies from Alaska. Opusc. Ent. 28: 229–241.Google Scholar

Tombes, A.S. 1965. Aestivation: its occurrence in insects. Proc. XIIth. int. Congr. Ent.: 183.Google Scholar

Trottier, R. 1971. Effect of temperature on the life-cycle of Anax junius (Odonata: Aeshnidae) in Canada. Can. Ent. 103: 1671–1683.Google Scholar

Turnock, W.T. 1977. Adaptability and stability of insect pest populations in prime agricultural ecosystems, pp. 89–101 in Kulman, H.M. and Chiang, H.C. (Eds.), Insect Ecology – papers presented in the A.C. Hodson lectures. U. Minn, agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 310. 107 pp.Google Scholar

Wallace, J.B. 1975. Food partitioning in net spinning Trichoptera larvae: Hydropsyche venularis, Cheumatopsyche etrona and Macronema zebratum (Hydropsychidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 68: 463–472.Google Scholar

Watt, K.E.F. 1968. Ecology and Resource Management. McGraw-Hill, N.Y.Google Scholar

Wellington, W.G. 1964. Qualitative changes in populations in unstable environments. Can. Ent. 96: 436–451.Google Scholar

Wiggins, G.B. 1973. A contribution to the biology of caddisflies (Trichoptera) in temporary pools. R. Ont. Mus. Life Sci. Contrib. 88. 28 pp.Google Scholar

Wiggins, G.B. 1977. Larvae of the North American Caddisfly genera (Trichoptera). Univ. Toronto Press.Google Scholar

Wiggins, G.B. and Mackay, R.J.. in press. Some relationships between systematics and trophic ecology in nearctic aquatic insects, with special reference to Trichoptera. EcologyGoogle Scholar

Wiggins, G.B., Mackay, R.J., and Smith, I.M., in prep. Ecology and evolutionary strategies of animals in annual temporary pools.Google Scholar

Wigglesworth, V.B. 1970. Insect hormones. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.Google Scholar

Williams, C.B. 1930. The migration of butterflies. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.Google Scholar

Wood, D.M. 1978 Taxonomy of the nearctic species of Twinnia and Gymnopais (Diptera: Simuliidae) and a discussion of the ancestry of the Simuliidae. Can. Ent. 110: 1297–1337.Google Scholar

Zachariassen, K.E and Hammel, H.T.. 1976. Nucleating agents in the haemolymph of insects tolerant to freezing. Nature, Lond. 262: 285–287.Google Scholar