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THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA: PRESENT PATTERNS AND AFFINITIES AND THEIR ORIGINS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

David H. Kavanaugh
David H. Kavanaugh*
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118
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Abstract

The insect fauna of the Pacific Northwest Coast is diverse and rich in endemic forms. Nine different elements are recognized in the fauna, including (1) restricted coastal, (2) coast-centred, (3) Great Basin, (4) Rocky Mountain, (5) trans-American, (6) Holarctic, (7) trans-Beringian, (8) Alaskan, and (9) introduced elements. Elements (6), (7), and (8) are generally restricted to the northwestern portion of the coast; and representation of Rocky Mountain elements (4) increases in three major steps from south to north along the coast—at the Puget Lowland/Fraser River valley, the Prince Rupert area, and the Kenai Peninsula, respectively. Patterns of vicariance among sister taxa in the carabid beetle genus Nebria demonstrate relationships which, together with analyses of other faunal elements, show that the fauna of glaciated portions of the Coastal region has greatest affinity with faunas of southern coastal areas, less affinity with those of southern interior areas, and least affinity with faunas of northern areas. Areas of local endemism within the region include the Aleutian Archipelago, the southeastern Alaskan Panhandle, the Queen Charlotte Archipelago, the Olympic Peninsula/Vancouver Island, the northern Cascade Range, the Klamath Mountains system, and the Sierra Nevada. The extant coastal insect fauna has evolved from a widespread northern Tertiary fauna, elements of which were isolated in several separate refugia during Pleistocene glaciations. The northern two-thirds of the region has been recolonized in postglacial time from both coastal and interior refugia south of the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets. Local endemism in the region reflects survival and differentiation of a few forms in small coastal refugia; but survivors from these refugia, as well as those from the Yukon/Beringian refugium, have generally been unable to extend their ranges to other parts of the Coastal region following deglaciation.

Résumé

La faune entomologique de la Côte de l'Ouest de l'Amérique du nord est diverse et riche en formes endémiques. On reconnaît neuf éléments zoogéographiques dans cette faune : (1) strictement côtier, (2) centré sur la côte, (3) du Grand Bassin, (4) des Montagnes Rocheuses, (5) trans-Américain, (6) holarctique, (7) trans-Béringien, (8) Alaskan, et (9) introduit. Les éléments (6), (7) et (8) sont généralement limités à la partie nord-ouest de la Côte; et la représentation de l'élément (4) des Montagnes Rocheuses passe par trois paliers du sud vers le nord le long de la Côte : l'ensemble des basses terres du Puget/vallée du fleuve Fraser, la région de Prince Rupert, et la Péninsule de Kenai. Des cas de vicariance entre taxons jumeaux du genre carabique Nebria révèlent des relations qui lorsque considérées en parallèle avec l'analyse d'autres éléments fauniques, montrent que la faune des parties glaciées de la Côte est très apparentée avec celle des régions côtières du sud, peu apparentée avec celle des régions intérieures du sud, et le moins apparentée avec celle des régions nordiques. Les endroits à caractère endémique de la région sont l'Archipel des Aléoutiennes, la région de l'extrême sud de l'Alaska, l'Archipel des Iles de la Reine Charlotte, l'ensemble Péninsule Olympique/Ile de Vancouver, le nord de la Chaîne des Cascades, les Montagnes de Klamath et de la Sierra Nevada. La faune entomologique côtière actuelle a évolué à partir d'une faune Tertiaire dispersée, dont certains éléments ont été isolés dans divers refuges séparés au cours des glaciations du Pleistocene. Les deux-tiers nord de la région ont été recolonisés à l'époque post-glaciaire à partir de refuges côtiers et intérieurs situés au sud des calottes Laurentide et Cordilliérienne. L'endémisme local de la région indique la survie et la différenciation de quelques formes dans de petits refuges côtiers; mais en général, les survivants de ces refuges ainsi que ceux du refuge Yukonien/Béringien n'ont pas atteint les autres parties de la Côte après la déglaciation.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada , Volume 120 , Supplement S144 , 1988 , pp. 125 - 149
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1988

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Footnotes

1

Submitted to Symposium editors 25 October 1984

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