¹ ‘Millions of Mattel toys recalled in Europe’, Germany/UK (14 Aug. 2007) accessed 23 Aug. 2007 at http://tvscripts.edt.reuters.com/2007-08-14/1aa2f5a9.html; ‘Parents urged to check homes as 2 million unsafe toys are recalled’, Timesonline (15 Aug. 2007) accessed 23 Aug. 2007 at http://www.timesonline.co.uk/to1/news/uk/article2260555.ece; ‘Mattel Inc. toys in Asia recalled on concerns over lead in paint’, International Herald Tribune/Business (3 Aug. 2007) accessed 30 May 2008 at http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/03/business/AS-FIN-Asia-Toy-Recal.php.

² China Labor Watch, ‘Investigation on toy suppliers in China; workers are still suffering’, (21 Aug. 2007) accessed 30 May 2008 at http://www.chinalaborwatch.org/20070821eighttoy.htm; ‘China accused of abusing workers’, CNN.com homepage (21 Aug. 2007) accessed 31 May 2008 at http://edition.cnn.com/video/#/video/world/2007/08/23/snow.china.toy.woes.cnn; David Barboza, ‘U.S. group accuses Chinese factories of labor abuses’, New York Times/World Business (22 Aug. 2007) accessed 31 May 2008 at http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/22/business/worldbusiness/22factory.html?_=1&ref=business&oref=slogin; despite ample follow-up on other aspects of the toy recall, the New York Times reporter did not return to this issue until early 2008, when China was in the process of revamping its own labour laws.

³ ‘Mattel CEO defends toy manufacturing operations in China’, Cox Newspapers Washington Bureau (13 Sept. 2007) accessed 30 May 2008 at http://www.coxwashington.com/hp/content/reporters/stories/2007/09/1; Nancy Langston, ‘The retreat from precaution: regulating diethylstilbestrol (DES), endocrine disruptors, and environmental health’, Environ. Hist., 2008, 13 (1): 41–65; David Rosner and Gerald Markowitz, ‘Industry challenges to the principles of prevention in public health: the precautionary principle in historical perspective’, Public Health Reports, 2002, 117: 501–12; Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen, ‘The precautionary principle in Germany—enabling government’, in Timothy O'Riordan and James Cameron (eds), Interpreting the precautionary principle, London, Earthscan, 1994.

⁴ Karl Marx, Capital, ed. Frederick Engels, 3 vols, New York, International Publishers, 1967 (lst German ed., 1867), vol. 1, pp. 71–83.

⁵ Henry E Sigerist, ‘Historical background of industrial and occupational diseases’, Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med., 1936, 12 (11): 597–609; Ludwig Teleky, History of factory and mine hygiene, New York, Columbia University Press, 1948; George Rosen, The history of miners’ diseases, a medical and social interpretation, New York, Schuman's, 1943.

⁶ Social history work in English began with two collections of the mid-1980s, Paul Weindling (ed.), The social history of occupational health, London and Dover, NH, Croom Helm, 1985; David Rosner and Gerald Markowitz (eds), Dying for work: essays on the history of workers’ safety and health in twentieth century America, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1987. More recent studies include Arthur McIvor and Ronald Johnston, ‘Medical knowledge and the worker: occupational lung diseases in the United Kingdom, c.1920–1975’, Labor: Studies in Working Class History of the Americas, 2005, 2 (4): 63–86; Mark W Bufton and Joseph Melling, “‘A mere matter of rock”: organized labour, scientific evidence and British government schemes for compensation of silicosis and pneumoniosis among coal miners, 1926–1940’, Med. Hist., 2005, 49 (2): 155–78; Angela Vergara, ‘The recognition of silicosis: labor unions and physicians in the Chilean copper industry, 1930s–1960s’, Bull. Hist. Med., 2005, 79 (4): 723–48.

⁷ The literature has become voluminous but recent work is well-illustrated in a recent special issue of the journal Environmental History: Jody A Roberts and Nancy Langston, ‘Toxic bodies/toxic environments: an interdisciplinary forum’, Environ. Hist., 2008, 13 (4): 629–35, accessed 9 May 2009 at http://www.historycooperative.org.libproxy.cc.stonybrook.edu/journals/eh/13.4/roberts.html; Stephen Mosley, ‘Common ground: integrating social and environmental history’, J. Soc. Hist., 2006, 39 (3): 915–33; Joy Parr, ‘Smells like?: sources of uncertainty in the history of the Great Lakes environment’, Environ. Hist., 2006, 11 (2): 269–99; Linda Nash, ‘Purity and danger: historical reflections on the regulation of environmental pollutants’, Environ. Hist., 2008, 13 (4): 651–8.

⁸ Alan Derickson, Black lung: anatomy of a public health disaster, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1998; Arthur McIvor and Ronald Johnston, Miners’ lung: a history of dust disease in British coal mining, Aldershot and Burlington, VT, Ashgate, 2007; Andrew Hurley, Environmental inequalities: class, race, and industrial pollution in Gary, Indiana, 1945–1980, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1995; Barbara L Allen, Uneasy alchemy: citizens and experts in Louisiana's chemical corridor disputes, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 2003; Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner, Deceit and denial: the deadly politics of industrial pollution, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2002.

⁹ For two discussions of the various symmetry principles invoked in science studies, see Daniel Breslau, ‘Sociology after humanism: a lesson from contemporary science studies’, Sociological Theory, 2000, 18 (2): 289–307; Alex Preda, ‘The turn to things: arguments for a sociological theory of things’, Sociological Quarterly, 1999, 40 (2): 347–66.

¹⁰ The phrase “matters” comes from Judith Butler, Bodies that matter: on the discursive limits of ‘sex’, New York and London, Routledge, 1993. I mean to invoke here an additional body of literature on historical ontology, coined by Ian Hacking, Historical ontology, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2002 (“recognizable form”, p. 11), which stresses a “materiality” defined through a variety of historic-cultural lenses and practices; Lorraine Daston (ed.), Biographies of scientific objects, University of Chicago Press, 2000; Don Ihde and Evan Selinger (eds), Chasing technoscience: matrix for materiality, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 2003; Christophe Lecuyer and David Brock, ‘The materiality of microelectronics’, History and Technology, 2006, 22 (3): 301–25; Alison Ravencroft, ‘Coming to matter: the grounds of our embodied difference’, Postcolonial Studies, 2007, 10 (3): 287–300; also Christopher Sellers, ‘The artificial nature of fluoridated water: between nations, knowledge, and material flows’, Osiris, 2nd series, Landscapes of exposure: knowledge and illness in modern environments, ed. Gregg Mitman, Michelle Murphy and Christopher Sellers, 2004, 19: 182–200.

¹¹ Alfred D Chandler Jr, Scale and scope: the dynamics of industrial capitalism, Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1994; Kevin H O'Rourke and Jeffrey G Williamson, Globalization and history: the evolution of a nineteenth-century Atlantic economy, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 2001; Michael D Bordo, Alan M Taylor and Jeffrey G Williamson (eds), Globalization in historical perspective, University of Chicago Press, 2005; Immanuel Wallerstein, World-systems analysis: an introduction, Durham, Duke University Press, 2004; Beverly J Silver, Forces of labor: workers’ movements and globalization since 1870, Cambridge University Press, 2002; Andrew Herod, Labor geographies: workers and the landscapes of capitalism, New York, Guilford Press, 2001; David Harvey, The condition of postmodernity: an enquiry into the origins of cultural change, reprint, Oxford and Cambridge, MA, Wiley-Blackwell, 1990; idem, Justice, nature and the geography of difference, Malden, Wiley-Blackwell, 1997; idem, A brief history of neoliberalism, Oxford University Press, 2005.

¹² David Harvey, ‘The spatial fix: Hegel, Von Thunen, and Marx’, Antipode, 1981, 13 (3): 1–12, accessed 9 May 2009 at DOI:10.1111/ j.1467-8330.1981.tb00312.x; William Greider, One world, ready or not: the manic logic of global capitalism, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1997; Jefferson R Cowie, Capital moves: RCA's seventy-year quest for cheap labor, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1999); Silver, op. cit., note 11 above.

¹³ Donald Worster, ‘Transformations of the earth: toward an agroecological perspective in history’, J. Am. Hist., 1990, 76: 1087–1106, p. 1089.

¹⁴ ‘Roundtable on environmental history’, J. Am. Hist., 1990, 76:1087–147; J R McNeill, Something new under the sun: an environmental history of the twentieth-century world, New York, W W Norton, 2000; Ian Tyrrell, True gardens of the gods: Californian–Australian environmental reform, 1860–1930, University of California Press, 1999; John Soluri, Banana cultures: agriculture, consumption, and environmental change in Honduras and the United States, Austin, University of Texas Press, 2005; Jennifer L Anderson, ‘Nature's currency: the Atlantic mahogany trade, 1720–1830’, PhD dissertation, New York University, 2007.

¹⁵ Richard White, ‘From wilderness to hybrid landscapes: the cultural turn in environmental history’, Historian, 2004, 66 (3): 557–64; Conevery Bolton Valenčius, The health of the country: how American settlers understood themselves and their land, New York, Basic Books, 2002; Linda Lorraine Nash, Inescapable ecologies: a history of environment, disease, and knowledge, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2006; Gregg Mitman, Breathing space: how allergies shape our lives and landscapes, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2007; Roberts and Langston, op. cit., note 7 above; Mark Harrison, Climates and constitutions: health, race, environment and British imperialism in India, 1600–1850, Oxford University Press, 2002; Pati Biswamoy and Mark Harrison (eds), Health, medicine and empire: perspectives on colonial India, Hyderabad, Orient Longman, 2006; Londa Schiebinger, Plants and empire: colonial bioprospecting in the Atlantic world, Harvard University Press, 2007; Londa Schiebinger and Claudia Swan (eds), Colonial botany: science, commerce, and politics in the early modern world, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007; Harold J Cook, Matters of exchange: commerce, medicine, and science in the Dutch golden age, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2008; Mitman, Murphy and Sellers (eds), op. cit., note 10 above; Christopher Sellers, ‘Thoreau's body: towards an embodied environmental history’, Environ. Hist., 1999, 4 (4): 486–514.

¹⁶ Jerome O Nriagu, ‘Global metal pollution’, Environment, 1990, 32 (7): 6–11; Jerome O Nriagu, ‘Tales told in lead’, Science, 1998, 281 (5383), n.s.: 1622–3; McNeill, op. cit., note 14 above.

¹⁷ ‘The burden of occupational illness’, Press Release WHO/31 (8 June 1999) accessed 6 March 2008 at www.who.int/inf-pr-1999/3n/pr99-31.html

¹⁸ For instance, Anita Chan and Robert J S Ross, ‘Racing to the bottom: international trade without a social clause’, Third World Quarterly, 2003, 24 (6): 1011–28; Jackie Simpkins, ‘The global workplace: challenging the race to the bottom’, Development in Practice, 2004, 14 (1/2): 110–18; Greider, op. cit., note 12 above.

¹⁹ For one of these charts, see the following, accessed 5 February, 2010: http://www.epa.gov/bns/lead/Fig_01.giv

²⁰ Marilyn B Biviano, Lorie A Wagner and Daniel E Sullivan, Total materials consumption: an estimation methodology and example using lead, a materials flow analysis, US Geological Survey Circular No. 1183, Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, 1999.

²¹ William Martin, ‘The International Labour Organization’, Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York, July 1926, 12 (1): 399–410; Markku Ruotsila, ‘,“The Great Charter for the Liberty of the Workingman”: labour, liberals and the creation of the ILO’, Labour History Review, 2002, 67 (1): 29–47; Jasmine Van Daele, “‘Engineering social peace”: networks, ideas, and the founding of the International Labour Organization’, Intern. Rev. Soc. Hist., 2005, 50 (3): 435–66.

²² John Heitmann, ‘The ILO and the regulation of white lead in Britain during the interwar years: an examination of international and national campaigns in occupational health’, Labour Hist. Rev., 2004, 69 (3): 267–84; Marcel Robert and Luigi Parmeggiani, Fifty years of international collaboration in occupational safety and health: ILO, 1919–1969, CIS information sheet 19, Geneva, International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre, 1969; Luigi Carozzi, ‘The International Labour Organization and the health of the worker’, typescript, Geneva, Switzerland, 23 Feb. 1935, 6, Folder: Propaganda pamphlet (unpublished); Hygiene, Industrial (1920–1953), International Labour Organization Archives, Geneva, Switzerland; International Labour Office, Occupation and health: encyclopedia of hygiene, pathology, and social welfare, 2 vols, Geneva, International Labour Office, 1930–1934.

²³ Occupation and health, ‘Homework’, pp. 964–70; ‘Industrial waste water (treatment of)’, pp. 41–9.

²⁴ Christopher C Sellers, Hazards of the job: from industrial disease to environmental health science, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1997; Valentine Jobst III, ‘The United States and international labor conventions’, Am. J. Int. Law, 1938, 32 (1): 135–8; C J Ratzlaff, ‘The International Labor Organization of the League of Nations: its significance to the United States’, Am. Econ. Rev., 1932, 22 (3): 447–61.

²⁵ Workmen's compensation for occupational diseases: partial revision of the Convention [...]. Report V. International Labour Conference, eighteenth session, Geneva, 1934, Geneva, International Labour Office, 1933–1934; Factory inspection: historical development and present organisation in certain countries, Geneva, International Labour Office, 1923; Ludwig Teleky, History of factory and mine hygiene, New York, Columbia University Press, 1948; analysis implicitly from Sellers, op. cit., note 24 above, esp. pp. 153–72.

²⁶ ‘ASARCO Ray Complex’, http://www.asarco.com/elpasoj.html; John W Drexler, A study on the source of anomalous lead and arsenic concentrations in soils from the El Paso community—El Paso, Texas, accessed 6 June 2008 at http://www.epa.gov/region6/6sf/pdffiles/finalreport.pdf; Isaac Frederick Marcosson, Metal magic: the story of the American Smelting & Refining Company, New York, Farrar, Straus, 1949.

²⁷ Alice Hamilton, Exploring the dangerous trades: the autobiography of Alice Hamilton, M.D., Boston, MA, Northeastern University Press, 1985, on p. 146; idem, ‘Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead’, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1914, United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Industrial Accidents and Hygiene Series, Bulletin no. 141; Workmen's compensation for occupational diseases, op. cit., note 25 above, p. 182.

²⁸ Hamilton, Exploring the dangerous trades, op. cit., note 27 above, for example, pp. 97–100; P J Landrigan, S H Gehlbach, B F Rosenblum, J M Shoults, et al., ‘Epidemic lead absorption near an ore smelter: the role of particulate lead’, N. Engl. J. Med., 1975, 292 (3): 123–9; B Raquel Ordóñez, L Ruiz Romero and I R Mora, ‘Investigación epidemiológica sobre niveles de plomo en la población infantil y en el medio ambiente domiciliario de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, en relación con una fundición de El Paso, Texas’, [Epidemiological study of lead levels in the child population and the household environment in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico, as compared to a foundry area in el Paso, Texas], Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, 1976, 80 (4): 303–17; also the impetus for the first study came from a collaboration between the Centers for Disease Control and local health department officials: see reprint of the initial 1973 study in ‘Epidemiologic notes and reports human lead absorption—Texas’, accessed 6 June 2008 at http://www.cdc.gov.ezproxy.hsclib.sunysb.edu/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00049347.htm.

²⁹ George M Foster, ‘The folk economy of rural Mexico with special reference to marketing’, J. Marketing, 1948, 13 (2): 153–62; Paul Taylor, ‘Making cántaros at San José Tateposco, Jalisco, Mexico’, American Anthropologist, 1933, 35 (4): 745–51; E B Sayles, ‘Three Mexican crafts’, American Anthropologist, 1955, n.s. 57 (5): 953–73; G Molina-Ballesteros, M A Zuñiga-Charles, J E García-de Alba, A Cárdenas-Ortega and P Solis-Camara, ‘Lead exposure in two pottery handicraft populations’, Archivos de Investigación Médica, 1980, 11 (1): 147–54; R Hibbert, Zhipeng Bai, Jaime Navia, Daniel M Kammen and Jungeng Zhang, ‘High lead exposures resulting from pottery production in a village in Michoacán State, Mexico’, Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 1999, 9 (4): 343–51, doi:10489159.

³⁰ Robert A Kehoe, Frederick Thamann and J Cholak, ‘On the normal absorption and excretion of lead. I. Lead absorption and excretion in primitive life’, Journal of Industrial Hygiene, 1933, 15 (5): 257–72; in fairness to Kehoe's team, they did note and try to measure the influence of lead-glazed pottery.

³¹ See entries for “Mexico” accessed 11 June 2008 at ‘ILOLEX: country information’, http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/newcountryframeE.htm.

³² Luigi Carozzi, ‘Training in industrial medicine’, International Labour Review, 1939, 40 (6): 733–67; Luigi Carozzi and others, ‘Folder: Industrial Hygiene Egypt—Collaboration of ILO Official with PH Authorities’, correspondence, Industrial Hygiene, International Labour Organization Archives. The ILO had already become involved with developing-world colonies in other ways, as with a South African pneumoconiosis conference; International Labour Office, Silicosis: records of the International Conference held at Johannesburg, 13–27 August, 1930, Studies and Reports No. 13, series F, Industrial hygiene, Geneva, International Labour Office, 1930.

³³ Christian Warren, Brush with death: a social history of lead poisoning, Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000; David Rosner and Gerald Markowitz, Deceit and denial: the deadly politics of industrial pollution, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2002; Peter C English, Old paint: a medical history of childhood lead-paint poisoning in the United States to 1980, New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 2001.

³⁴ C C Patterson, ‘Contaminated and natural lead environments of man’, Arch. Environ. Health, Sept. 1965, 11: 344–60.

³⁵ An early confrontation came at United States Public Health Service, Symposium on environmental lead contamination, vol. 1440, Public Health Service Publication, Washington, DC, US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1966.

³⁶ On early uses by French, German and English, see ‘Air-testing in workshops’, pp. 81–9, in International Labour Office, Occupation and health, op. cit., note 22 above. On American conversion of MAC levels into a systematic tool, see Christopher Sellers, ‘,“A prejudice that may cloud the mentality”: making objectivity in early twentieth century occupational health’, in John W Ward and Christian Warren (eds), Silent victories: the history and practice of public health in twentieth-century America, Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2007.

³⁷ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Proceedings of the International Symposium on maximum allowable concentrations of toxic substances in industry, held in Prague, Czechoslovakia, April 1959, London, Butterworths, 1961; Permanent Commission and International Association on Occupational Health, and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Symposium international sur les limites tolérables pour les substances toxiques dans l'industrie; comptes-rendus; IIeme, Paris 1er Avril–6 Avril 1963, Paris, Institut National de Securité, 1965; Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health, Permissible levels of toxic substances in the working environment; 6th Session of the Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health, Geneva, 4–10 June 1968, vol. 20, Occupational Safety and Health Series, Geneva, International Labour Office, 1970.

³⁸ E I Lyublina, ‘Some methods used in establishing the maximum allowable concentrations’, in International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Maximum allowable Concentrations of Toxic Substances in Industry, held in Prague, Czechoslovakia, April 1959, International Labour Office, Encyclopedia of occupational health and safety, Geneva, ILO, 1971, quotations on pp. 113, 109, 110.

³⁹ Landrigan, et al., op. cit., note 28 above; P J Landrigan, E L Baker Jr, R G Feldman, D H Cox, et al., ‘Increased lead absorption with anemia and slowed nerve conduction in children near a lead smelter’, J. Pediatrics, 1976, 89 (6): 904–10; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Occupational exposure to Inorganic lead: revised criteria, 1978, vol. 78, DHEW (NIOSH) publication [Cincinnati], US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1978.

⁴⁰ Hazel Erskine, ‘The polls: pollution and its costs’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 1972, 36 (1): 120–35; this is a central argument of Christopher C Sellers, Unsettling ground: suburban nature and environmentalism in twentieth-century America (forthcoming from University of North Carolina Press).

⁴¹ ‘Epidemiologic notes and reports’, op. cit., note 28 above.

⁴² Louise Story, ‘After stumbling, Mattel cracks down in China’, New York Times, 29 Aug. 2007, accessed 7 June 2008 at http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/29/business/worldbusiness/29mattel.html; Tim Golden, ‘New ball game for Mexican toys’, New York Times, 28 Aug. 1992, accessed 8 June 2008 at http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/28/business/new-ball-game-for-mexican-toys.html; Philip L Martin, ‘Foreign direct investment and migration: the case of Mexican maquiladoras’, International Migration, 1992, 30 (3–4): 399–422; Paul Cooney, ‘The Mexican crisis and the maquiladora boom: a paradox of development or the logic of neoliberalism?’, Latin American Perspectives, 2001, 28 (3): 55–83; Timothy C Brown, ‘The fourth member of NAFTA: the U.S.–Mexico Border’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1997, 550: 105–21.

⁴³ Smeltertown map accessed 9 May 2010 at http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/us_mexico_border/txu_oclc_13545561_085. Jorge Morales, ‘History of the National Federation of Occupational Health (FeNaSTAC), Mexico’, in Antonio Grieco (ed.), Origins of occupational health associations in the world, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2003, esp. pp. 124–5; Ordóñez, Ruiz Romero and Mora, op. cit., note 28 above.

⁴⁴ ‘El Paso smelter still poses lead-poisoning peril to children in Juárez’, New York Times, 28 Nov. 1977, accessed at 8 June 2008 at http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20E10FC345B1A7B93CAAB178AD95F438785F9; Roberto Suro, ‘Border boom's dirty residue imperils U.S.–Mexico Trade’, New York Times, 31 March 1991, accessed 6 June 2008 at http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/31/us/border-boom-s-dirty-residue-imperils-us-mexico-trade.html; Brown, op. cit., note 42 above.

⁴⁵ Lourdes Schnaas, S J Rothenberg, M F Flores, S Martínez, et al., ‘Blood lead secular trend in a cohort of children in Mexico City (1987–2002)’, Environ. Health Perspect., 2004, 112 (10): 1110–15; Marlene Cortez-Lugo, Marta M^a Téllez Rojo, Héctor Gómez Dantés, Mauricio Hernández-Avila, ‘Tendencia de los niveles de plomo en la atmósfera de la zona metropolitana de la Ciudad de México, 1988–1998’ [‘Trends in atmospheric concentrations of lead in the metropolitan area of Mexico city, 1988–1998’], Salud Pública de México, 2003, 45 (Suppl 2): S196–202; H A Bravo and R J Torres, ‘The usefulness of air quality monitoring and air quality impact studies before the introduction of reformulated gasolines in developing countries: Mexico City, a real case study’, Atmospheric Environment, 2000, 34 (3): 499–506; Working Group III, ‘Ceramic glazes’, in Christopher P Howson, Mauricio Hernández-Avila and David P Rall (eds), Lead in the Americas: a call for action, Washington, DC, Committee to Reduce Lead Exposure in the Americas, Board on International Health, Institute of Medicine, in collaboration with the National Institute of Public Health, 1996, p. 129.

⁴⁶ Story, ‘After stumbling, Mattel cracks down in China’ “Mexico” in Table ‘Toy Safety Standards around the World’ accessed 26 February 2010 at http://www.toy-icti.org/info/toysafetystandards.html.

⁴⁷ Diego Cevallas, ‘Latin America: careful with the toys’, IPS News (August 30, 2007) accessed 26 February 2010 at http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=39080

⁴⁸ See for instance table ‘Seven Stages of Community Perception of Lead as a Health Risk, Tijuana, Mexico’, in Christina von Glascoe, ‘Community activism and education: access to new knowledge as a basis for community empowerment’, in Lead in the Americas: a call for action, Washington, DC, National Academy of Medicine, 1996, p. 114.