A local $\mathit{Tb}$ theorem is an $L^{2}$ boundedness criterion by which the question of the global behavior of an operator is reduced to its local behavior, acting on a family of test functions $b_{Q}$ indexed by the dyadic cubes. We present two versions of such results, in particular, treating square function operators whose kernels do not satisfy the standard Littlewood–Paley pointwise estimates. As an application of one version of the local $\mathit{Tb}$ theorem, we show how the solvability of the Kato problem (which was implicitly based on local $\mathit{Tb}$ theory) may be deduced from this general criterion.

We prove bounds for the truncated directional Hilbert transform in $L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{2})$ for any $1<p<\infty$ under a combination of a Lipschitz assumption and a lacunarity assumption. It is known that a lacunarity assumption alone is not sufficient to yield boundedness for $p=2$, and it is a major question in the field whether a Lipschitz assumption alone suffices, at least for some $p$.

We prove the analog of Cramér’s short intervals theorem for primes in arithmetic progressions and prime ideals, under the relevant Riemann hypothesis. Both results are uniform in the data of the underlying structure. Our approach is based mainly on the inertia property of the counting functions of primes and prime ideals.

We show that the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}=\infty$ conjecture implies the Riemann hypothesis.

We study the problem of Diophantine approximation on lines in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ under certain primality restrictions.

Let $f$ be a polynomial of degree $k>1$ with irrational leading coefficient. We obtain results of the form

$$\begin{eqnarray}\Vert f(p)\Vert <p^{-\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}}\end{eqnarray}$$

$p$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}p^{k}$

Let $n\geqslant C$ for a large universal constant $C>0$ and let $B$ be a convex body in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ such that for any $(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n})\in B$, any choice of signs $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}_{1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}_{2},\ldots ,\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}_{n}\in \{-1,1\}$ and for any permutation $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$ on $n$ elements, we have $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}_{1}x_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}(1)},\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}_{2}x_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}(2)},\ldots ,\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}_{n}x_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}(n)})\in B$. We show that if $B$ is not a cube, then $B$ can be illuminated by strictly less than $2^{n}$ sources of light. This confirms the Hadwiger–Gohberg–Markus illumination conjecture for unit balls of $1$-symmetric norms in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ for all sufficiently large $n$.

Let $X$ be a vector space and let $\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}:X\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\cup \{-\infty ,+\infty \}$ be an extended real-valued function. For every function $f:X\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\cup \{-\infty ,+\infty \}$, let us define the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}$-envelope of $f$ by

$$\begin{eqnarray}f^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}}(x)=\sup _{y\in X}\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}(x-y)\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}-\\ \cdot \end{array}f(y),\end{eqnarray}$$

$\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}-\\ \\ \\ \cdot \end{array}$

$\mathbb{R}\cup \{-\infty ,+\infty \}$

$f\mapsto f^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}}$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}=(1/p\unicode[STIX]{x1D706})\Vert \cdot \Vert ^{p}$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}>0$

$p\geqslant 1$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$

$p$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}$

$-\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}$

$X$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$

$C\subset X$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$

$C$

$C^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}=\bigcap _{x\in C}(x+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC})$

$C\mapsto C^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}$

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}$

We prove a dimension-free strong uniformity theorem, and apply it in the configuration space of a large system of non-interacting particles, to describe the fast approach to equilibrium starting from off-equilibrium, and its long-term stability.

For any given integer $k\geqslant 2$ we prove the existence of infinitely many $q$ and characters $\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}\,(\text{mod}\;q)$ of order $k$ such that $|L(1,\unicode[STIX]{x1D712})|\geqslant (\text{e}^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}+o(1))\log \log q$. We believe this bound to be the best possible. When the order $k$ is even, we obtain similar results for $L(1,\unicode[STIX]{x1D712})$ and $L(1,\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}\unicode[STIX]{x1D709})$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}$ is restricted to even (or odd) characters of order $k$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D709}$ is a fixed quadratic character. As an application of these results, we exhibit large even-order character sums, which are likely to be optimal.

We study two-weight norm inequalities for a vector-valued operator from a weighted $L^{p}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E})$-space to mixed norm $L_{l^{s}}^{q}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D707})$ spaces, $1<p<\infty$, $0<q<p$. We apply these results to the boundedness of Wolff’s potentials.

The paper is devoted to the study of Fefferman–Stein inequalities for stochastic integrals. If $X$ is a martingale, $Y$ is the stochastic integral, with respect to $X$, of some predictable process taking values in $[-1,1]$, then for any weight $W$ belonging to the class $A_{1}$ we have the estimates $\Vert Y_{\infty }\Vert _{L^{p}(W)}\leqslant 8pp^{\prime }[W]_{A_{1}}\Vert X_{\infty }\Vert _{L^{p}(W)},$$1<p<\infty ,$ and $\Vert Y_{\infty }\Vert _{L^{1,\infty }(W)}\leqslant c[W]_{A_{1}}(1+\log [W]_{A_{1}})\Vert X_{\infty }\Vert _{L^{1}(W)}.$ The proofs rest on the Bellman function method: the inequalities are deduced from the existence of certain special functions, enjoying appropriate majorization and concavity. As an application, related statements for Haar multipliers are indicated. The above estimates can be regarded as probabilistic counterparts of the recent results of Lerner, Ombrosi and Pérez concerning singular integral operators.

Given $n\in \mathbb{N}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}>1/n$, let ${\mathcal{S}}_{n}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$ denote the classical set of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$-approximable points in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$, which consists of $\mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{R}^{n}$ that lie within distance $q^{-\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}-1}$ from the lattice $(1/q)\mathbb{Z}^{n}$ for infinitely many $q\in \mathbb{N}$. In pioneering work, Kleinbock and Margulis showed that for any non-degenerate submanifold ${\mathcal{M}}$ of $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ and any $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}>1/n$ almost all points on ${\mathcal{M}}$ are not $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$-approximable. Numerous subsequent papers have been geared towards strengthening this result through investigating the Hausdorff measure and dimension of the associated null set ${\mathcal{M}}\cap {\mathcal{S}}_{n}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$. In this paper we suggest a new approach based on the Mass Transference Principle of Beresnevich and Velani [A mass transference principle and the Duffin–Schaeffer conjecture for Hausdorff measures. Ann. of Math. (2) 164(3) (2006), 971–992], which enables us to find a sharp lower bound for $\dim {\mathcal{M}}\cap {\mathcal{S}}_{n}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$ for any $C^{2}$ submanifold ${\mathcal{M}}$ of $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ and any $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$ satisfying $1/n\leqslant \unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}<1/m$. Here $m$ is the codimension of ${\mathcal{M}}$. We also show that the condition on $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$ is best possible and extend the result to general approximating functions.

Consider a system of polynomials in many variables over the ring of integers of a number field $K$. We prove an asymptotic formula for the number of integral zeros of this system in homogeneously expanding boxes. As a consequence, any smooth and geometrically integral variety $X\subseteq \mathbb{P}_{K}^{m}$ satisfies the Hasse principle, weak approximation, and the Manin–Peyre conjecture if only its dimension is large enough compared to its degree. This generalizes work of Skinner, who considered the case where all polynomials have the same degree, and recent work of Browning and Heath-Brown, who considered the case where $K=\mathbb{Q}$. Our main tool is Skinner’s number field version of the Hardy–Littlewood circle method. As a by-product, we point out and correct an error in Skinner’s treatment of the singular integral.

Let $p,q$ be primes such that $q|p-1$ and set $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}=C_{p}\rtimes C_{q}$, $G=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}\times C_{\infty }^{n}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}=\mathbf{Z}[G]$, the integral group ring of $G$. By means of a fibre square decomposition, we show that stably free modules over $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$ are necessarily free.

A strong quantitative form of Manin’s conjecture is established for a certain variety in biprojective space. The singular integral in an application of the circle method involves the third power of the integral sine function and is evaluated in closed form.

We obtain explicit inversion formulas for the Radon-like transform that assigns to a function on the unit sphere the integrals of that function over hemispheres lying in lower-dimensional central cross-sections. The results are applied to the determination of star bodies from the volumes of their central half-sections.

Let $I_{s,k,r}(X)$ denote the number of integral solutions of the modified Vinogradov system of equations

$$\begin{eqnarray}x_{1}^{j}+\cdots +x_{s}^{j}=y_{1}^{j}+\cdots +y_{s}^{j}\quad (1\leqslant j\leqslant k,\;j\neq r),\end{eqnarray}$$

$1\leqslant x_{i},y_{i}\leqslant X\;(1\leqslant i\leqslant s)$

$I_{s,k,r}(X)$

$1\leqslant r\leqslant k-1$

$s,k\in \mathbb{N}$

$k\geqslant 3$

$1\leqslant s\leqslant (k^{2}-1)/2$

$I_{s,k,1}(X)\ll X^{s+\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}}$