In (1), Carter and Hawkes define the -normalizers of a finite soluble group for any saturated formation . These subgroups are conjugate, invariant under homomorphisms of the group, cover and avoid the chief factors of the group and may be characterized by means of the maximal chains of subgroups connecting them to the group. The first aim of the present paper is to generalize both the -normalizers and the relative system normalizers (Hall (5)) of a finite soluble group G. We choose an arbitrary normal subgroup X(p) of G for each prime p dividing the order of G, forming a normal system = {X(p)} of G. Each of these normal systems of G yields a conjugacy class of subgroups, called the -normalizers of G, which possess the above properties of -normalizers. However, they do not satisfy all the properties of the -normalizers unless is a so-called integrated normal system of G.

1. Introduction: If G is a group, Z(G) its integral group-ring and AG the augmentation ideal, then we can form the Abelian groups

In (5) we have studied the structure of these Abelian groups which we called polynomial grouups. If C denotes the category of Abelian groups, then Pn and Qn are functors from C into C. We call these functors polynomial functors. The object of this work is to study the nature of these funtors. Except for n = 1, these functors are non-additive. In fact, in the sense of Eilenberg–Maclane (4) these are functors of degree exactly n (Theorem 2·3). Because of their non-additive nature, their derived functors cannot be calculated in the traditional Cartan–Eilenberg(1) method. We have to make use of the more recent theory of Dold–Puppe (3).

In (2), Hall considered the question: for what varieties of soluble groups do all finitely generated groups satisfy max-n (the maximal condition for normal subgroups)? He has shown that the variety M of metabelian groups and more generally the variety of Abelian-by-nilpotent-of-class-c (c ≥ 1) groups has this property; whereas on the contrary, there are finitely generated groups in the variety V of centre-by-metabelian groups (i.e. defined by the law [x, y; u, v; z]) which do not satisfy max-n. One naturally raises the question: for what subvarieties of V do all finitely generated groups satisfy max-n?

Throughout this paper we deal only with complex and semi-simple algebras. Let B be such an algebra. We denote the socle of B as SB. B is a modular annihilator algebra if B/SB is a radical algebra, i.e. if every element of B is quasi-regular modulo the socle of B; see (1) or (12). Now assume that B is a modular annihilator algebra and a Banach algebra. Then any semi-simple closed subalgebra of B is a modular annihilator algebra by ((4), Cor. to Theorem 4·2,). It is not true, however, that any semi-simple subalgebra A of B is a modular annihilator algebra, even when A is a Banach algebra in some norm. We give a simple example to illustrate this. Let A be the algebra of all complex functions f, continuous on the closed unit disk D in the complex plane, analytic in the interior of D, and such that f(0) = 0. A is a Banach algebra in the usual sup norm over D. Now consider the norm on A defined by

Let B be the completion of A in this norm. A has an involution * defined by and also ‖ff*‖ = ‖f‖2 for all f ∈ A. Therefore B is a B*-algebra. It is not difficult to verify that the only non-zero multiplicative linear functionals on A which are continuous with respect to the norm ‖·‖, are the point evaluations at 1/n, n = 1, 2 …. It follows that every non-zero multiplicative linear functional on B is an extension of one of these point evaluations to B. Thus B can be identified with the algebra of all complex sequences which converge to zero.

The growth of transversal theory has been greatly enriched by the study of abstract independence. In this development, Rado's theorem on independent transversals (4) has played a prominent role, and recent work (e.g. by Welsh(7)) suggests that its applications are by no means exhausted. Rado's theorem can be extended in many directions, and my object is to describe a further generalization (Theorem 2 below) which does not seem to have been noted in the literature.

The definition and main result. It has been shown ((1), § 3) that if G is any finite group and p any prime number not dividing |G|, then the number of conjugacy classes of maximal nilpotent subgroups in the regular wreath product of a cyclic group of order p by G is equal to the number of conjugacy classes of all nilpotent subgroups in G. This fact, together with various properties of the map by means of which it was established, proved helpful in dealing with questions of construction raised in (1). The present note isolates the key property of the wreath product on which the argument rests, and from this shows how the argument can be carried over to a more general context. The essential situation is that a group G acts on a group A in a way which will be called ‘absolutely faithful’.

We work throughout in the p.l. category (see (8)) consisting of polyhedra and p.l. (piecewise linear) maps. We are concerned with the following problem which is of importance in the theory of p.l. transversality.

According to well-known theorems of Kaplansky and Baer–Kulikov–Kapla nsky–Fuchs (4, 2), the class of direct sums of countable Abelian groups and the class of direct sums of torsion-free Abelian groups of rank 1 are both closed under the formation of direct summands. In this note I give an example to show that the class of direct sums of torsion-free Abelian groups of finite rank does not share this closure property: more precisely, there exists a torsion-free Abelian group G which can be written both as a direct sum G = A⊕B of 2 indecomposable groups A, B of rank ℵ0 and as a direct sum G = ⊕n ε zCn of ℵ0 indecomposable groups Cn (nεZ) of rank 2, where Z is the set of all integers.

The main result proved in this paper can be stated as follows:

Theorem. Let Mnbe a closed l-connected topological manifold of dimension n ≥ 5. Then M × R carries a differentiable (respectively aPL) structure if and only if M × S1carries a differentiable (respectively aPL) structure.

Some topological identifications are introduced into the DS-spaces of Robinson and Trautman, and the symmetry and asymptotic symmetry groups of the resulting spaces are calculated. The latter have structures similar to the GBM group, each being the semi-direct product of a group of supertranslations by a group of classical type.

The simplest definition of transversality in the PL or Top categories is the purely local one: Manifolds M and N are transverse in Q if, for each point x of their intersection, there is a (closed) neighbourhood U of x in Q and a (PL) homeomorphism

for suitable p, q, and r

In a previous paper it was shown that a necessary and sufficient condition for two regular polynomial matrices T and U to have relatively prime determinants is that a certain matrix R be non-singular. This generalization of the resultant of two scalar polynomials is extended to give an expression for the sum of the degrees of the greatest common divisors of all pairs of invariant factors of T and U in terms of the rank of R. Further, if rank R exceeds a given value then specified pairs of factors are relatively prime.

The technique of sunny collapsing was introduced by Zeeman in (1) in order to prove the unknotting of PL ball pairs with co-dimension ≥ 3. Since then the technique has been used a number of times. In each case the method was used to prove special cases of the Theorem in this paper. Apart from providing a more unified treatment of various applications of this one technique, the theorem has important applications to the theory of relative regular neighbourhoods.

Haefliger's theorem (3) that the group of isotopy classes of embeddings of Sx in Sn when n − x > 2 is isomorphic to the triad group πx+1(G; G(n − x),SO), where G(n − x) is the H-space of homotopy equivalences of Sn−x−1 of degree 1, , and SO is the stable special orthogonal group, is generalized in this paper by replacing Sx and Sn by arbitrary compact connected smooth manifolds Xx, Mn without boundary. The embedding and knot problems are reduced to homotopy theory. The question of P.L. manifolds is discussed in section 4. The case Mn = Sn will be considered first; the generalization is stated in section 3.

In a recent paper (4) concerned with the study of ‘fundamental operators’, we have obtained results involving the resolvents of the generators of some semi-groups of operators in Lp (− ∞, ∞). In this paper we consider those results which, under suitable conditions, can be extended to cases where the resolvents do not necessarily form a class of fundamental operators. The main results of this type, given in Theorems 2·7 and 2·8, involve inequalities between members of the semi-group and the resolvent of the generators. The semi-groups to which the main results apply include those denned by the Poisson and the Gauss–Weierstrass operators.

The purpose of this paper is to obtain some necessary conditions for a link in Euclidean 3-space to be spanned by a locally unknotted surface of given type in one half of 4-space. In particular necessary conditions for two links to be cobordant are proved.

For r > 0 a non-empty subset U of a linear space is said to be absolutely r-convex if x, y ∈ U and |λ|r + |μ|r ≤ 1 together imply λx + μy∈ U, or, equivalently, xl, …, xn∈ U and

It is clear that if U is absolutely r-convex, then it is absolutely s-convex whenever s < r. A topological linear space is said to be r-convex if every neighbourhood of the origin θ contains an absolutely r-convex neighbourhood of the origin. For the case 0 < r ≤ 1, these concepts were introduced and discussed by Landsberg(2).

The existence and uniqueness of a positive self-adjoint nth. root of a positive, self-adjoint, not necessarily bounded operator on a Hilbert Space H can be readily demonstrated using the spectral representation of the transformation.

A monothetic semigroup is a topological semigroup with jointly continuous multiplication which contains a dense cyclic subsemigroup. These semi-groups arise in a natural way in the study of semi-algebras. In (4) we showed that a compact monothetic semigroup in a Banach algebra can be characterized in terms of the spectral properties of a generating element. In this paper these spectral theorems are linked with the well-known structure theory of compact semigroups.

In this paper G will denote a compact metric Abelian group having finite topological dimension, dim G. The discrete dual group of G will be denoted by Γ. The metric on G will be denoted by d(x, y), or |x-y| since translation-invariance is assumed.