Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T02:53:13.691Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Observations Regarding Algorithms Required for Robust CFDCodes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2011

F. T. Johnson ,
D. S. Kamenetskiy ,
R. G. Melvin ,
V. Venkatakrishnan ,
L. B. Wigton ,
D. P. Young ,
S. R. Allmaras ,
J. E. Bussoletti  and
C. L. Hilmes
F. T. Johnson*
Affiliation:
Contractor to The Boeing Company through YourEncore
D. S. Kamenetskiy
Affiliation:
The Boeing Company, PO Box 3707, Seattle, Washington 98124-2207, USA
R. G. Melvin
Affiliation:
The Boeing Company, PO Box 3707, Seattle, Washington 98124-2207, USA
V. Venkatakrishnan
Affiliation:
The Boeing Company, PO Box 3707, Seattle, Washington 98124-2207, USA
L. B. Wigton
Affiliation:
The Boeing Company, PO Box 3707, Seattle, Washington 98124-2207, USA
D. P. Young
Affiliation:
The Boeing Company, PO Box 3707, Seattle, Washington 98124-2207, USA
S. R. Allmaras
Affiliation:
The Boeing Company, PO Box 3707, Seattle, Washington 98124-2207, USA
J. E. Bussoletti
Affiliation:
The Boeing Company, PO Box 3707, Seattle, Washington 98124-2207, USA
C. L. Hilmes
Affiliation:
The Boeing Company, PO Box 3707, Seattle, Washington 98124-2207, USA
*
⋆Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Over the last three decades Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has gradually joined thewind tunnel and flight test as a primary flow analysis tool for aerodynamic designers. CFDhas had its most favorable impact on the aerodynamic design of the high-speed cruiseconfiguration of a transport. This success has raised expectations among aerodynamiciststhat the applicability of CFD can be extended to the full flight envelope. However, thecomplex nature of the flows and geometries involved places substantially increased demandson the solution methodology and resources required. Currently most simulations involveReynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) codes although Large Eddy Simulation (LES) andDetached Eddy Suimulation (DES) codes are occasionally used for component analysis ortheoretical studies. Despite simplified underlying assumptions, current RANS turbulencemodels have been spectacularly successful for analyzing attached, transonic flows. Whetheror not these same models are applicable to complex flows with smooth surface separation isan open question. A prerequisite for answering this question is absolute confidence thatthe CFD codes employed reliably solve the continuous equations involved. Too often,failure to agree with experiment is mistakenly ascribed to the turbulence model ratherthan inadequate numerics. Grid convergence in three dimensions is rarely achieved. Evenresidual convergence on a given grid is often inadequate. This paper discusses issuesinvolved in residual and especially grid convergence.

Keywords

CFDgrid refinementresidual convergenceadjointturbulence model
Type
Research Article
Information
Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena , Volume 6 , Issue 3: Computational aerodynamics , 2011 , pp. 2 - 27
Copyright
© EDP Sciences, 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Références

S. R. Allmaras, J. E. Bussoletti, C. L. Hilmes, F. T. Johnson, R. G. Melvin, E. N. Tinoco, V. Venkatakrishnan, L. B. Wigton, D. P. Young. Algorithm issues and challenges associated with the development of robust CFD codes. Giuseppe Buttazzo, Aldo Frediani, Variational Analysis and Aerospace Engineering. New York, Springer, 33 (2009), 1–19.
Bieterman, M. B., Bussoletti, J. E., Hilmes, C. L., Johnson, F. T., Melvin, R. G., Young, D. P.. An adaptive grid method for analysis of 3D aircraft configurations. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 101 (1992), 225–249. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
L. Demkowicz. Computing with hp-adaptive finite elements, Vol. 1: One and two dimensional elliptic and Maxwell problems. Chapman and Hall/CRC Applied Mathematics, 2006.
B. Diskin, J. L. Thomas. Accuracy of gradient reconstruction on grids with high aspect ratio. NIA Report No.2008-12, December, 2008.
T. J. R. Hughes, A. Brooks. A multi-dimensional upwind scheme with no crosswind diffusion. Finite Element Methods for Convection-Dominated Flows (ed. T.J.R. Hughes) AMD 34, New York, ASME (1979), 19–35.
Johnson, F. T., Tinoco, E. N., Yu, J. N.. Thirty years of development and application of CFD at Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Seattle. Computers & Fluids, 34 (2005), 1115–1151. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D. J. Mavriplis. Revisiting the least-squares procedure for gradient reconstruction on unstructured meshes. AIAA Paper 2003–3986.
T. A. Oliver. A high order, adaptive, discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Ph. D. Thesis, M.I.T., (2008).
Petrovskaya, N. B.. Discontinuous weighted least squares approximation on irregular grids. CMES: Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, 32 (2008), No. 2, 69–84 . Google Scholar
Pierce, N. A, Giles, M. B.. Adjoint and defect error bounding and correction for functional estimates. J. Comp Phys., 200 (2004), 769–794. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spalart, P. R., Allmaras, S. R.. A One-equation turbulence model for aerodynamic flows. La Recherche Ae’rospatiale, 1 (1994), 5–21 . Also AIAA paper 92-0439. Google Scholar
J. C. Vassberg, E. N. Tinoco, M. Mani, B. Rider, T. Zickhur, D. W. Levy, O. P. Brodersen, B. Eisfeld, S. Crippa, R. A. Wahls, J. H. Morrison, D. J. Mavriplis, M. Murayama. Summary of the fourth AIAA CFD Drag Prediction Workshop. 28th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, 28 June – 1 July, 2010, Chicago, IAIAA Paper 2010-4547.
Venditti, D. A., Darmofal, D. L.. Anisotropic grid adaptation for functional outputs: application to two-dimensional viscous flows. J. Comp Phys., 187 (2003), 22–46. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
V. Venkatakrishnan, S. R. Allmaras, F. T. Johnson, D. S. Kamenetskii. Higher order schemes for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. 16th AIAA Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference. Orlando, Florida, June 23-26, 2003, AIAA Paper 2003-3987.
Young, D. P., Melvin, R. G., Bieterman, M. B., Johnson, F. T., Samant, S. S., Bussoletti, J.E.. A locally refined rectangular grid finite element method: application to computational fluid dynamics and computational physics. J. Comp Phys., 92 (1991), 1–66. CrossRefGoogle Scholar