1. Introduction

GaN, In_xGa_1−xN, and Al_yGa_1−yN is suitable for visible light emitting diodes and short-wavelength lasers. Reference Nakamura, Mukai and Senoh[1] Reference Akasaki, Amano, Murakami, Sassa, Kato and Manabe[2] Reference Molnar, Singh and Moustakas[3] There are great efforts to grow epitaxial layers of high quality. For that, there is great interest for characterisation of these layers, for example the crystal perfection. Predominantly, the GaN epitaxial layers crystallise in the most stabile, hexagonal (wurtzite) structure, especially when grown on substrates with hexagonal symmetry such as sapphire or 6H-SiC. Reference Strite and Morkoç[4] The growth of cubic GaN was reported for cubic substrates, for example on GaAs, (111)-Si, and (001)-Si with β-SiC-coating. Reference Sun, Kung, Saxler, Ohsato, Bigan, Razeghi and Gaskill[5] Reference Klann, Brandt, Yang, Grahn, Ploog and Trampert[6] Reference Hwang, Shan, Hauenstein, Song, Lin, Strite, Sverdlov and Morkoc[7] Reference Hong, Pavlidis, Brown and Rand[8] Reference Moustakas, Lei and Molnar[9] Reference Kim, Frenkel, Liu and Park[10] The presence of both crystal structures was observed in layers on layers on (100)-Si: the predomenantly hexagonal structure contains a cubic minor phase of GaN as detected by x-ray measurements. Reference Moustakas, Lei and Molnar[9]

In this work, we investigate GaN grown on sapphire (0001) substrates. We examine the presence of a cubic phase in our layers with dominant hexagonal structure. An often used method is an X-ray diffraction measurement (XRD), but XRD detects signals from the whole thickness' of the samples and it is not clear, whether the cubic material is in the top layers or close to the buffer layers. Therefore, we additionally test the use of photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), which is a method with high sensitivity to the top of the layers up to the penetration depth of about 200 nm. The identification of the luminescence peaks in GaN is difficult, because there exist many emission processes in GaN with nearly the same emission energies. In this work, the emission peaks of the cubic crystals are identified by time-resolved measurements. We present the structural analysis of the top layer of the GaN samples by using PL.

2. Experimental

The investigated layers of GaN were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. A nitrogen microwave plasma source and a solid source of Ga were used. Thin buffer layers of GaN and the epitaxial GaN layers of approximately 400 nm thickness were subsequently deposited on (0001) sapphire substrates. The growth temperatures were approximately 700°C, the growth rates were about 800 nm/h. Hall measurements characterised the layers as n-type. The carrier concentrations range from 5×10¹⁷ to 4×10¹⁸ cm⁻³ at room temperature. The layers are optically investigated by continuos wave photoluminescence (cw PL), time-resolved photoluminescence (tr PL), and spacially resolved cathodoluminescence (sr CL), all determinations are carried out at 4.2 K. The cw PL is measured using a 1 m spectrometer and a GaAs photomultiplier. For cw PL, the samples are excited with the 325 nm line of a cw HeCd laser with a spot size of about 0.1 mm² and 10 mW power. The tr PL is performed using a 0.25 m spectrometer and a streak camera with 20 ps time resolution. The laser system for excitation is a frequency-tripled Ti-sapphire laser with an emission of 5 mW at 265 nm, a repetition rate of 12 MHz, 100 fs pulse width, and a spot size of roughly 0.01 mm². The sr CL is performed with a voltage of 2 kV. The resolution is 1 μm. We compare our optical data with x-ray diffraction measurements. The x-ray set-up uses the Cu-Kα₁-line, the resolution is 0.1°.

3. Results and Discussion

The cw PL spectra of three typical kinds of samples are shown in Figure 1. Four dominant emission bands and a weaker emission are observed, labelled with A, B, C, D, and E. The luminescence decays of these four emission peaks are listed in the table I. We want to mention that cw PL, tr PL and sr CL all show the same emission lines.

Figure 1. Photoluminescence spectrum of epitaxial GaN. The sample is selected from a series of samples with strong emission between 3.1 and 3.3 eV.

Table I The emission energies of the luminescence peaks at 4.2 K and the identification of the emission processes.

The origin of the emission A can be identified easily as an exciton bound to the residual donor in hexagonal (hex) GaN, labelled as D_hex ⁰X. This emission line is well known to be dominant in GaN on sapphire. Reference Dingle and Ilegems[11] Reference Fischer, Wetzel, Hansen, Bounet and Haller[12] Reference Meyer, Volm, Graber, Alt, Detchprohm, Amano and Akasaki[13] The luminescence decay time of D_hex ⁰X is as short as (50 ±20) ps due to the well known weak localisation energy. The emission group B appears to be related to deeply bound excitons, labelled BX_hex. The strong bonding of the excitons is in agreement with the long luminescence decay times of B between 500 and 1000 ps.

The emission lines C and D are more difficult to identify. The intensity of C drastically decays with time. The short lifetime of (30 ±20) ps is only expected for a shallow bound exciton or recombination of free carriers. We think that C is not a due to the recombination of a free electron with a localised hole, labelled eA. The emission line C is at the same energy like the eA transition in hexagonal GaN, Reference Kim, Frenkel, Liu and Park[10] but we do not observe the corresponding DAP transition with a lifetime of several nanoseconds at an emission energy of 0 to 30 meV below C. This corresponding DAP transition should even be stronger than the eA transition, because the donor densities are below the degeneration density of 5×10¹⁸ cm⁻³ in all of our samples. We conclude, that C is related to a shallow bound exciton. However, there may be a weak contribution of any kind of DAP transition to the emission C. The transition energy of C is much to low for a shallow bound exciton in hexagonal GaN, but the energy is typical for cubic (cub) GaN. Reference Kim, Frenkel, Liu and Park[10] Reference Okumura, Yoshida and Okahisa[14] Reference Ramirez-Flores, Navarro-Contreras, Lastras-Martinez, Powell and Greene[15] We think that C is dominated by the recombination of the donor bound excition in cubic GaN, labelled D_cub ⁰X, since the donor concentrations are higher than the acceptor concentration in undoped GaN.

Next, we want to identify the emission band D. The lifetime of D is as long as 5-20 ns, a value similar to the repetition rate of the pulsed laser. Such a long lifetime is a strong indication of a donor-acceptor pair (DAP) recombination. The position of D is different for each sample, an observation which is also typical for DAP transitions. Additional information about the emission peaks is achieved by spacially resolved cathodoluminescence measurements. The major part of our sample shows dominant emission peaks A and B. But in some apparently polycrystalline samples, we observe small areas with diameters below 2 μm, which show dominant emissions from C and D. The emissions C and D always appear together and C is already identified as an emission from cubic GaN. Therefore, we conclude that D is the DAP transition from regions which contain cubic GaN. We have to mention that PLs of deeply bound excitons also would have long decay times. However, the observed shift of the emission energy is typical for DAP transitions and not for bound excitons.

We now look at the band E. This emission always appears together with D and E has the same lifetime like D. The band E is always 90 meV below D and therefore, E is identified as the longitudinal optical phonon replica (LO) of D. The phonon replicas are weaker than that ones from the DAP transitions in hexagonal GaN. The emission processes and their energies are compiled in the table I. We want to mention that the commony seen yellow luminescence is very week in our samples.

The identification of luminescence from cubic GaN is confirmed by x-ray diffraction measurements: All samples with luminescence from the cubic phase also show an X-ray diffraction signal of the cubic material. We measure the symmetric peaks in a standard θ/2*θ - diffractometer. One typical measurement is shown in Figure 2. The (0004) reflection of hexagonal GaN and the (222) reflection of cubic GaN are detected. The d-values of the two lattice planes are nearly identical, so that we can distinguish cubic and hexagonal GaN only for reflexes of second and third order. We find the XRD signal of the cubic phase in all samples with the PL peaks C, D and E. This correlation between PL and XRD supports our interpretation of the emission processes. Further, there are samples with XRD signal of cubic GaN, but the PLs of these samples only show the emissions from hexagonal GaN. We conclude, that the cubic phase is only close to the buffer layer in samples without emissions C, D and E, the cubic phase extends into the top layer in the samples with the emissions C, D and E. This results shows the necessity of PL for the characterisation of the top layers of the samples. From our data, we cannot say wheather our samples contain larger regions of cubic GaN or wheather there is poly hexagonal material with mis-nucleated grains. But we see that the cubic phase is related to the buffer layer. However, in our best samples, we do not detect a cubic signal at all.

Figure 2. The θ-2θ scan of one sample which contains the cubic and hexagonal phase. The two peaks are identified as the (222) reflexion of cubic GaN and the (0004) reflexion of hexagonal GaN, respectively.

Finally, we now compare our results with earlier data. The emission of the D⁰X_hex is well known and will not be discussed here. Band B is similar to an emission observed by Smith et al.. Reference Smith, Chen, Lin, Jiang, Salvador, Sverdlov, Botchkarev and Morkoc[16] The authors measure and they explain this emission as a recombination of a free hole with an electron at a donor. In our samples, the lifetime if B is to long to be related to free holes. The emission at 3.448 eV are similar to acceptor bound excitons in Zn-doped samples. However, to our knowledge there is no Zn in our MBE chamber.

The luminescence spectra of cubic GaN usually show two dominant emission peaks, which are similar to C and D. Reference Klann, Brandt, Yang, Grahn, Ploog and Trampert[6] Reference Hwang, Shan, Hauenstein, Song, Lin, Strite, Sverdlov and Morkoc[7] Reference Hong, Pavlidis, Brown and Rand[8] Reference Moustakas, Lei and Molnar[9] Reference Kim, Frenkel, Liu and Park[10] Reference Menniger, Jahn, Brandt, Yang and Ploog[17] Hong et al. measure 90 meV higher emission energies than the other authors, the difference may be related to strain. Reference Menniger, Jahn, Brandt, Yang and Ploog[17] In the following, we subtract 90 meV from Hong's values to compare all data. The first emission is at about 3.27 eV. Klann et al., Reference Hwang, Shan, Hauenstein, Song, Lin, Strite, Sverdlov and Morkoc[7] Menninger et al., Reference Menniger, Jahn, Brandt, Yang and Ploog[17] and Hong et al. Reference Hong, Pavlidis, Brown and Rand[8] relate this emission to a bound exciton. In contrast, Hwang et al. assume that there is a eA transition. Reference Hwang, Shan, Hauenstein, Song, Lin, Strite, Sverdlov and Morkoc[7] Liu et al. also relate the emission with the cubic band gap, however, their spectrum is to broad to discuss the mechanism in detail. We relate the emission C to a bound exciton, because the measured temperature dependence of the luminescence is typical for a bound exciton and not for an eA transition. Our identification of D as a DAP transition in a cubic minor phase is in agreement with earlier measurements of an emission between 3.15 and 3.21 eV in pure cubic GaN.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, we have demonstrated that photoluminescence measurements reveal the presence of a minor cubic phase in the top 200 nm of epitaxial layers of hexagonal GaN on sapphire substrates. We have identified the emission of the donor-bound exciton in cubic GaN at an energy of 3.279 eV at 4 K. The emission between 3.15 to 3.21 eV at 4K is explained as the donor-acceptor recombination in cubic GaN. We observed a weaker phonon coupling in cubic GaN than in hexagonal GaN.