Hostname: page-component-5cf477f64f-rdph2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-31T03:44:18.597Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Asking for More Than Answers: Online Shareholder Activism and Corporate Green Innovation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 March 2025

Lanhua Li
Affiliation:
Zhejiang University of Technology, China
Yuxin Zhang
Affiliation:
Zhejiang University of Technology, China
Bao Wu*
Affiliation:
Zhejiang University of Technology, China
*
Corresponding author: Bao Wu ([email protected])

Abstract

The rise of online voicing and campaigns empowered by digital technologies and online social media is rejuvenating retail investor activism that has been mostly ignored in the traditional offline setting. This article argues that online activism that is initiated by retail investors will affect managerial attention intensity and attention priority on environmental issues, thus promoting green innovation. Using a Chinese-listed companies database with 13,795 firm-year observations over the period from 2011 to 2018, our results confirm that online environmental activism induces corporate green innovation. Online activism is more effective when the retail investor base holds larger shares in total and presents questions with a more intensely negative tone. Additionally, the above-mentioned moderating effects are stronger in digital firms. Our study offers insights into the online patterns of shareholder activism in the digital era and highlights the role of minority voicing in promoting corporate sustainable transformation.

摘要

摘要

与传统的线下情境不同,数字平台和在线社交媒体的崛起为散户投资者的线上发声和激进主义赋予了新的力量,使他们不再被忽视。本研究认为,由散户投资者发起的线上激进主义将影响管理层对环境保护的注意力强度和注意力优先度,从而促进企业绿色创新。基于中国上市公司2011-2018年间13795个公司年度观测样本的研究结果,证实了这个假设。当散户投资者群体在目标企业中持有更大比例的整体股份,并以更强烈的负面语气提出环境问题时,线上激进主义的效果更为显著,在数字企业中尤为强烈。本研究为数字时代下股东参与线上激进主义提供了启示,并强调了少数群体发声在推动企业可持续转型中不可忽视的作用。

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Association for Chinese Management Research

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbas, A., Zhou, Y., Deng, S., & Zhang, P. 2018. Text analytics to support sense-making in social media: A language-action perspective. MIS Quarterly, 42(2): 427464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aluchna, M., Roszkowska-Menkes, M., Kamiński, B., & Bosek-Rak, D. 2022. Do institutional investors encourage firm to social disclosure? The stakeholder salience perspective. Journal of Business Research, 142: 674682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amore, M. D., & Bennedsen, M. 2016. Corporate governance and green innovation. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 75: 5472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asker, D., & Dinas, E. 2019. Thinking fast and furious: Emotional intensity and opinion polarization in online media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 83(3): 487509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balp, G. 2018. The corporate governance role of retail investors. Loyola Consumer Law Review, 31(1): 47113.Google Scholar
Barreto, I., & Patient, D. L. 2013. Toward a theory of intraorganizational attention based on desirability and feasibility factors. Strategic Management Journal, 34(6): 687703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergman, N. K., & Roychowdhury, S. 2008. Investor sentiment and corporate disclosure. Journal of Accounting Research, 46(5): 10571083.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouncken, R., & Barwinski, R. 2021. Shared digital identity and rich knowledge ties in global 3D printing – A drizzle in the clouds? Global Strategy Journal, 11(1): 81108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouquet, C., & Birkinshaw, J. 2008. Weight versus voice: How foreign subsidiaries gain attention from corporate headquarters. Academy of Management Journal, 51(3): 577601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brav, A., Cain, M., & Zytnick, J. 2021. Retail shareholder participation in the proxy process: Monitoring, engagement, and voting. Journal of Financial Economics, 144(2): 492522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brielmaier, C., & Friesl, M. 2023. The attention-based view: Review and conceptual extension towards situated attention. International Journal of Management Reviews, 25(1): 99129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownen-Trinh, R., & Orujov, A. 2023. Corporate socio-political activism and retail investors: Evidence from the black lives matter campaign. Journal of Corporate Finance, 80: 102417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busenbark, J. R., Lange, D., & Certo, S. T. 2017. Foreshadowing as impression management: Illuminating the path for security analysts. Strategic Management Journal, 38(12): 24862507.Google Scholar
Chang, C.-H. 2011. The influence of corporate environmental ethics on competitive advantage: The mediation role of green innovation. Journal of Business Ethics, 104(3): 361370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, G., Meyer-Doyle, P., & Shi, W. 2021. Hedge fund investor activism and human capital loss. Strategic Management Journal, 42(12): 23282354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, L., & Yang, W. 2019. R&D tax credits and firm innovation: Evidence from China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146: 233241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, S., Chen, Y., & Jebran, K. 2021. Trust and corporate social responsibility: From expected utility and social normative perspective. Journal of Business Research, 134: 518530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Y.-S. 2008. The driver of green innovation and green image: Green core competence. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(3): 531543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Z., Kahn, M. E., Liu, Y., & Wang, Z. 2016. The consequences of spatially differentiated water pollution regulation in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 81: 531543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Constantiou, I. D., & Kallinikos, J. 2015. New games, new rules: Big data and the changing context of strategy. Journal of Information Technology, 30(1): 4457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Correia, S. 2016. reghdfe: Estimating linear models with multi-way fixed effects. 2016 Stata Conference.Google Scholar
Correia, S., Guimarães, P., & Zylkin, T. 2020. Fast Poisson estimation with high-dimensional fixed effects. The Stata Journal, 20(1): 95115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cui, J., Dai, J., Wang, Z., & Zhao, X. 2022. Does environmental regulation induce green innovation? a panel study of Chinese listed firms. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 176: 121492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cundill, G. J., Smart, P., & Wilson, H. N. 2018. Non-financial shareholder activism: A process model for influencing corporate environmental and social performance*. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20(2): 606626.Google Scholar
David, P., Bloom, M., & Hillman, A. J. 2007. Investor activism, managerial responsiveness, and corporate social performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28(1): 91100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Villiers, C., & Van Staden, C. J. 2010. Shareholders’ requirements for corporate environmental disclosures: A cross country comparison. The British Accounting Review, 42(4): 227240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deng, S., Huang, Z., Sinha, A. P., & Zhao, H. 2018. The interaction between microblog sentiment and stock returns: An empirical examination. MIS Quarterly, 42(3): 895918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DesJardine, M. R., Shi, W., & Marti, E. 2023. The corporate opportunity structure for shareholder activism: How activist hedge funds exploit board demographic diversity. Organization Science, 35(2): 644666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druckman, J. N., & McDermott, R. 2008. Emotion and the framing of risky choice. Political Behavior, 30(3): 297321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duan, L., Li, L., Park, K.-H., & Wu, D. 2023. Muddy the waters to conceal information? Evidence from firms’ inconsistent answers during Q&As. Finance Research Letters, 51: 103415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dutton, J. E., Ashford, S. J., O'Neill, R. M., & Lawrence, K. A. 2001. Moves that matter: Issue selling and organizational change. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4): 716736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earl, J., & Schussman, A. 2004. Cease and desist: Repression, strategic voting and the 2000 U.S. presidential election. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 9(2): 181202.Google Scholar
Eggers, J. P., & Kaplan, S. 2009. Cognition and renewal: Comparing CEO and organizational effects on incumbent adaptation to technical change. Organization Science, 20(2): 461477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elia, G., Margherita, A., & Passiante, G. 2020. Digital entrepreneurship ecosystem: How digital technologies and collective intelligence are reshaping the entrepreneurial process. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 150: 119791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Kassar, A.-N., & Singh, S. K. 2019. Green innovation and organizational performance: The influence of big data and the moderating role of management commitment and HR practices. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 144: 483498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Entman, R. M. 1993. Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4): 5158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falcone, P. M. 2020. Environmental regulation and green investments: The role of green finance. International Journal of Green Economics, 14(2): 159173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. 1991. Social cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Flammer, C., Toffel, M. W., & Viswanathan, K. 2021. Shareholder activism and firms’ voluntary disclosure of climate change risks. Strategic Management Journal, 42(10): 18501879.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, K. A. 2000. Impact of a confounding variable on a regression coefficient. Sociological Methods & Research, 29(2): 147194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fu, R., Tang, Y., & Chen, G. 2020. Chief sustainability officers and corporate social (ir)responsibility. Strategic Management Journal, 41(4): 656680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, Y., Li, Y., & Wang, Y. 2021. The dynamic interaction between investor attention and green security market: An empirical study based on Baidu index. China Finance Review International, 13(1): 79101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giustiziero, G., Kretschmer, T., Somaya, D., & Wu, B. 2023. Hyperspecialization and hyperscaling: A resource-based theory of the digital firm. Strategic Management Journal, 44(6): 13911424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gompers, P., & Kovvali, S. 2018. The other diversity dividend. Harvard Business Review, 96(4): 7277.Google Scholar
Goranova, M., & Ryan, L. V. 2014. Shareholder activism: A multidisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 40(5): 12301268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, D. E. 2021. Doing research in the real world. London: Sage Publications Ltd.Google Scholar
Gupta, S., & Shrivastava, M. 2021. Herding and loss aversion in stock markets: Mediating role of fear of missing out (FOMO) in retail investors. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 17(7): 17201737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hafeez, B., Kabir, M. H., & Wongchoti, U. 2022. Are retail investors really passive? Shareholder activism in the digital age. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 49(3–4): 423460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hainmueller, J., & Xu, Y. 2013. Ebalance: A stata package for entropy balancing. Journal of Statistical Software, 54(7): 118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanelt, A., Bohnsack, R., Marz, D., & Antunes Marante, C. 2021. A systematic review of the literature on digital transformation: Insights and implications for strategy and organizational change. Journal of Management Studies, 58(5): 11591197.Google Scholar
Hartzmark, S. M., & Sussman, A. B. 2019. Do investors value sustainability? A natural experiment examining ranking and fund flows. The Journal of Finance, 74(6): 27892837.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heckman, J. J. 1979. Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica, 47(1): 153161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, K.-C., Shen, X., Yan, C., & Hu, X. 2023. Influence of green innovation on disclosure quality: Mediating role of media attention. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 188: 122314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, S. 2012. A behavioral perspective on attention allocation among multiple goals: An exploratory examination of the automotive industry. PhD dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States – North Carolina.Google Scholar
Huang, H., Mbanyele, W., Wang, F., Song, M., & Wang, Y. 2022. Climbing the quality ladder of green innovation: Does green finance matter? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 184: 122007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, L., & Ying, Q. 2022. Does corporate online interaction activeness affect investors’ perceptions of earnings information? Evidence from China. Applied Economics Letters, 29(2): 97101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, L., Liu, J., Shi, J., & Ying, Q. 2024. Retail investors matter: The value of corporate interactions. Research in International Business and Finance, 69: 102226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, L., Liu, J., & Yang, B. 2019. Communication and comovement: Evidence from online stock forums. Financial Management, 48(3): 805847.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jin, C., Monfort, A., Chen, F., Xia, N., & Wu, B. 2024. Institutional investor ESG activism and corporate green innovation against climate change: Exploring differences between digital and non-digital firms. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 200: 123129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joseph, J., & Ocasio, W. 2012. Architecture, attention, and adaptation in the multibusiness firm: General electric from 1951 to 2001. Strategic Management Journal, 33(6): 633660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D. 1973. Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Kastiel, K., & Nili, Y. 2016. In search of the absent shareholders: A new solution to retail investors’ apathy. Delaware Journal of Corporate Law, 41: 55.Google Scholar
Kramer, A. D. I., Guillory, J. E., & Hancock, J. T. 2014. Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(24): 87888790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwon, K. H., & Cho, D. 2017. Swearing effects on citizen-to-citizen commenting online: A large-scale exploration of political versus nonpolitical online news sites. Social Science Computer Review, 35(1): 84102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. 2000. Investor protection and corporate governance. Journal of Financial Economics, 58(1): 327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laukkanen, M., & Patala, S. 2014. Analysing barriers to sustainable business model innovations: Innovation systems approach. International Journal of Innovation Management, 18(06): 1440010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, C. M. C., & Zhong, Q. 2022. Shall we talk? The role of interactive investor platforms in corporate communication. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 74(2–3): 101524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, I. 2017. Big data: Dimensions, evolution, impacts, and challenges. Business Horizons, 60(3): 293303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, K. F. 2010. Retail minority shareholders and corporate reputation as determinant of dividend policy in Australia. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 18(4): 351368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, M.-D. P., & Lounsbury, M. 2011. Domesticating radical rant and rage: An exploration of the consequences of environmental shareholder resolutions on corporate environmental performance. Business & Society, 50(1): 155188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemon, K. N., & Verhoef, P. C. 2016. Understanding customer experience throughout the customer journey. Journal of Marketing, 80(6): 6996.Google Scholar
Leung, X. Y., Xue, L., & Wen, H. 2019. Framing the sharing economy: Toward a sustainable ecosystem. Tourism Management, 71: 4453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, H., Qian, Z., Wang, S., Wang, J., & Wang, Q. 2022. Do green concerns promote corporate green innovation? Evidence from Chinese stock exchange interactive platforms. Managerial and Decision Economics, 44(3): 17861801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, M., Li, N., Khan, M. A., Khaliq, N., & Rehman, F. U. 2022. Can retail investors induce corporate green innovation? -Evidence from baidu search index. Heliyon, 8(6): e09663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, Y., & Zhang, W. 2023. The power of retail investor voice: The effect of online discussions on corporate innovation. British Journal of Management, 34(4): 18111831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y., Wang, P., & Zhang, W. 2022. Does online interaction between firms and investors reduce stock price crash risk? The British Accounting Review, 55(4): 101168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, L., Liao, K., & Xie, D. 2023. When investors speak, do firms listen? the role of investors’ dividend-related complaints from online earnings communication conferences. Abacus, 59(1): 3275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, S., & Mair, J. 2023. The impact of uncertainty on tourists’ controllability, mood state and the persuasiveness of message framing in the pandemic era. Tourism Management, 94: 104634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luo, X. R., Zhang, J., & Marquis, C. 2016. Mobilization in the internet age: Internet activism and corporate response. Academy of Management Journal, 59(6): 20452068.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyon, T. P., & Montgomery, A. W. 2013. Tweetjacked: The impact of social media on corporate greenwash. Journal of Business Ethics, 118(4): 747757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, J., Hu, Q., Shen, W., & Wei, X. 2021. Does the low-carbon city pilot policy promote green technology innovation? based on green patent data of chinese a-share listed companies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7): 3695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maedche, A. 2016. Interview with Michael Nilles on ‘What makes leaders successful in the age of the digital transformation?’ Business & Information Systems Engineering, 58(4): 287289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matarazzo, M., Penco, L., Profumo, G., & Quaglia, R. 2021. Digital transformation and customer value creation in made in Italy SMEs: A dynamic capabilities perspective. Journal of Business Research, 123: 642656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mawdsley, J. K., Paolella, L., & Durand, R. 2023. A rivalry-based theory of gender diversity. Strategic Management Journal, 44(5): 12541291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., & Wood, D. J. 1997. Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review, 22(4): 853886.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mithani, M. A. 2023. Scaling digital and non-digital business models in foreign markets: The case of financial advice industry in the United States. Journal of World Business, 58(4): 101457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mousavi, R., & Gu, B. 2019. The impact of twitter adoption on lawmakers’ voting orientations. Information Systems Research, 30(1): 133153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nambisan, S., Wright, M., & Feldman, M. 2019. The digital transformation of innovation and entrepreneurship: Progress, challenges and key themes. Research Policy, 48(8): 103773.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
N'Guessan, M. K. 2021. Single currency and regional integration in the ECOWAS region: A new estimation technique using the Pseudo Maximum Likelihood Poisson with High Dimensional Fixed Effects (PPMLHDFE). Preprint, In Review.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ocasio, W. 1997. Towards an attention-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 18(S1): 187206.3.0.CO;2-K>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ocasio, W. 2011. Attention to attention. Organization Science, 22(5): 12861296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oster, E. 2019. Unobservable selection and coefficient stability: Theory and evidence. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 37(2): 187204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porzio, C., Salerno, D., & Stella, G. P. 2023. Retail investors’ sensitivity to the development and promotion of CSR issues. Finance Research Letters, 53: 103642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roccapriore, A. Y., & Pollock, T. G. 2023. I don't need a degree, I've got abs: Influencer warmth and competence, communication mode, and stakeholder engagement on social media. Academy of Management Journal, 66(3): 9791006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rozin, P., & Royzman, E. B. 2001. Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(4): 296320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, L. V., & Schneider, M. 2003. Institutional investor power and heterogeneity: Implications for agency and stakeholder theories. Business & Society, 42(4): 398429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sariol, A. M., & Abebe, M. A. 2017. The influence of CEO power on explorative and exploitative organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research, 73(3): 3845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shang, Y., Raza, S. A., Huo, Z., Shahzad, U., & Zhao, X. 2023. Does enterprise digital transformation contribute to the carbon emission reduction? Micro-level evidence from China. International Review of Economics & Finance, 86: 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, W., Xia, C., & Meyer-Doyle, P. 2022. Institutional investor activism and employee safety: The role of activist and board political ideology. Organization Science, 33(6): 24042420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, W., Connelly, B. L., Hoskisson, R. E., & Ketchen, D. J. 2020. Portfolio spillover of institutional investor activism: An awareness–motivation–capability perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 63(6): 18651892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, N. K., Larsen, J. T., Chartrand, T. L., Cacioppo, J. T., Katafiasz, H. A., & Moran, K. E. 2006. Being bad isn't always good: Affective context moderates the attention bias toward negative information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(2): 210220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Song, M., Fisher, R., & Kwoh, Y. 2019. Technological challenges of green innovation and sustainable resource management with large scale data. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 144: 361368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, B. N. 2010. Competition and beyond: Problems and attention allocation in the organizational rulemaking process. Organization Science, 21(2): 432450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, Y., Chen, M., Yang, J., Ying, L., & Niu, Y. 2022. Understanding technological input and low-carbon innovation from multiple perspectives: Focusing on sustainable building energy in China. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 53: 102474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunstein, C. R. 2002. The law of group polarization. Journal of Political Philosophy, 10(2): 175195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, S., & Gray, K. 2021. Feeling empathy for organizations: Moral consequences, mechanisms, and the power of framing. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 96: 104147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Titman, S., Wei, C., & Zhao, B. 2022. Corporate actions and the manipulation of retail investors in China: An analysis of stock splits. Journal of Financial Economics, 145(3): 762787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Truong, Y., & Nagy, B. G. 2021. Nascent ventures’ green initiatives and angel investor judgments of legitimacy and funding. Small Business Economics, 57(4): 18011818.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uysal, N., Yang, A., & Taylor, M. 2018. Shareholder communication and issue salience: Corporate responses to ‘social’ shareholder activism. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 46(2): 179201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vial, G. 2019. Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 28(2): 118144.Google Scholar
Volberda, H. W., Khanagha, S., Baden-Fuller, C., Mihalache, O. R., & Birkinshaw, J. 2021. Strategizing in a digital world: Overcoming cognitive barriers, reconfiguring routines and introducing new organizational forms. Long Range Planning, 54(5): 102110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, X., Ren, K., Li, L., Qiao, Y., & Wu, B. 2024. How does ESG performance impact corporate outward foreign direct investment? Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting, 35(2): 534583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, X., Xing, Y., Wei, Y., Zheng, Q., & Xing, G. 2020. Public opinion information dissemination in mobile social networks – taking Sina Weibo as an example. Information Discovery and Delivery, 48(4): 213224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Z., & Li, Z. 2023. Does minority shareholder activism enhance corporate innovation? Evidence from China. Finance Research Letters, 54: 103755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiesböck, F., Hess, T., & Spanjol, J. 2020. The dual role of IT capabilities in the development of digital products and services. Information & Management, 57(8): 103389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, B., Gu, Q., Liu, Z., & Liu, J. 2023. Clustered institutional investors, shared ESG preferences and low-carbon innovation in family firm. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 194: 122676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, B., Jin, C., Monfort, A., & Hua, D. 2021. Generous charity to preserve green image? Exploring linkage between strategic donations and environmental misconduct. Journal of business research, 131: 839850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, B., Monfort, A., Jin, C., & Shen, X. 2022. Substantial response or impression management? Compliance strategies for sustainable development responsibility in family firms. Technological forecasting and social change, 174: 121214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, B., Fang, H., Jacoby, G., Li, G., & Wu, Z. 2022. Environmental regulations and innovation for sustainability? Moderating effect of political connections. Emerging Markets Review, 50: 100835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, B., Chen, F., Li, L., Xu, L., Liu, Z., & Wu, Y. 2024. Institutional investor ESG activism and exploratory green innovation: Unpacking the heterogeneous responses of family firms across intergenerational contexts. The British Accounting Review, in press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2024.101324CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, D., Gao, S., Chan, K. C., & Cheng, X. 2022. Do firms strategically respond to retail investors on the online interactive information disclosure platform? Finance Research Letters, 47: 102631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, F., Hu, H., Lin, H., & Ren, X. 2021. Enterprise digital transformation and capital market performance: Empirical evidence from stock liquidity. Management World, 37(7): 130144. (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Wu, K., Fu, Y., & Kong, D. 2022. Does the digital transformation of enterprises affect stock price crash risk? Finance Research Letters, 48: 102888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xie, X., Hoang, T. T., & Zhu, Q. 2022. Green process innovation and financial performance: The role of green social capital and customers’ tacit green needs. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 7(1): 100165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xie, X., Huo, J., & Zou, H. 2019. Green process innovation, green product innovation, and corporate financial performance: A content analysis method. Journal of Business Research, 101: 697706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, Q., Li, Q., Jiang, C., Wu, J., & Zhang, X. 2022. Social media, interaction information and stock market efficiency: Evidence from the Shenzhen stock exchange easy interaction platform in China. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 29(6): 14691496.Google Scholar
Xu, S., Yin, B., & Lou, C. 2022. Minority shareholder activism and corporate social responsibility. Economic Modelling, 116: 106045.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yadav, M., Prabhu, J., & Chandy, R. 2007. Managing the future: CEO attention and innovation outcomes. Journal of Marketing, 71: 84101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, D. 2008. Pendency and grant ratios of invention patents: A comparative study of the US and China. Research Policy, 37(6): 10351046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yao, S., Pan, Y., Wang, L., Sensoy, A., & Cheng, F. 2023. Building eco-friendly corporations: The role of minority shareholders. Journal of Business Ethics, 182(4): 933966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, J., & Luo, X. R. 2013. Dared to care: Organizational vulnerability, institutional logics, and MNCs’ social responsiveness in emerging markets. Organization Science, 24(6): 17421764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, J., Liang, G., Feng, T., Yuan, C., & Jiang, W. 2020. Green innovation to respond to environmental regulation: How external knowledge adoption and green absorptive capacity matter? Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(1): 3953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, S., Wei, Z., Wang, Y., & Liao, T. 2018. Sentiment analysis of Chinese micro-blog text based on extended sentiment dictionary. Future Generation Computer Systems, 81: 395403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, W., Ma, Z., Tong, T. W., Zhang, Y., & Xie, L. 2021. Customer concentration, executive attention, and firm search behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 64(5): 16251647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, K. Z., Gao, G. Y., & Zhao, H. 2017. State ownership and firm innovation in China: An integrated view of institutional and efficiency logics. Administrative Science Quarterly, 62(2): 375404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar