Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T22:46:17.129Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Trust and Deception in Negotiation: Culturally Divergent Effects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2015

Jian-Dong Zhang
Affiliation:
Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, China
Leigh Anne Liu
Affiliation:
Georgia State University, USA
Wu Liu
Affiliation:
Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

Abstract

We investigate how trust reduces the tendency to use deception in negotiations from a culturally contextual perspective. We find culturally divergent patterns across Chinese and American negotiators. Specifically, for Chinese negotiators, cognition-based trust decreases the approval of using negative emotional and informational deception, whereas affect-based trust increases the approval of using informational deception. For American negotiators, affect-based trust decreases the approval of using negative emotional deception. We discuss theoretical and practical implications on the need for culturally specific strategies in managing deceptions in negotiations.

Type
Special Issue Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The International Association for Chinese Management Research 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adam, H., Shirako, A., & Maddux, W. W. 2010. Cultural variance in the interpersonal effects of anger in negotiations. Psychological Science, 21 (6): 882889.Google Scholar
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. 1991. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Aquino, K. 1998. The effects of ethical climate and the availability of alternatives on the use of deception during negotiation. International Journal of Conflict Management, 9 (3): 195217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barry, B. 1999. The tactical use of emotion in negotiation. In Bies, R. J., Lewicki, R. J., and Sheppard, B. H. (Eds.), Research on negotiation in organizations, 7:93121. Stamford, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Barry, B., Fulmer, I. S., & Goates, N. 2006. Bargaining with feeling: Emotionality in and around negotiation. In Thompson, L. (Ed.), Negotiation theory and research: 99127. New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Brew, F. P., & Cairns, D. R. 2004. Styles of managing interpersonal workplace conflict in relation to status and face concerns: A study with Anglos and Chinese. International Journal of Conflict Management, 15 (1): 2756.Google Scholar
Briley, D. A., Morris, M. W., & Simonson, I. 2000. Reasons as carriers of culture: Dynamic versus dispositional models of cultural influence on decision making. Journal of Consumer Research, 27 (2): 157178.Google Scholar
Butler, J. K. 1991. Toward understanding and measuring conditions of trust: Evolution of a conditions of trust inventory. Journal of Management, 17 (3): 643663.Google Scholar
Chen, C. C., Chen, X. P., & Huang, S. S. 2013. Chinese Guanxi: An integrative review and new directions for future research. Management and Organizational Review, 9 (1): 167207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chentsova-Dutton, Y. E., & Tsai, J. L. 2010. Self-focused attention and emotional reactivity: The role of culture. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98 (3): 507519.Google Scholar
Chiu, C. Y., & Hong, Y.-Y. 2006. Social psychology of culture. New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Chua, R. Y. J., Morris, M. W., & Ingram, P. 2009. Guanxi vs. networking: Distinctive configurations of affect- and cognition-based trust in the networks of Chinese vs American managers. Journal of International Business Studies, 40 (3): 490508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, T. R. 2010. Moral emotions and unethical bargaining: The differential effects of empathy and perspective taking in deterring deceitful negotiation. Journal of Business Ethics, 94 (4): 569579.Google Scholar
Cook, J., & Wall, T. 1980. New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need nonfulfillment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53 (1): 3952.Google Scholar
Cramton, P. C., & Dees, J. G. 1993. Promoting honesty in negotiation: An exercise in practical ethics. Business Ethics Quarterly, 4 (3): 359394.Google Scholar
Dees, J. G., & Cramton, P. C. 1991. Shrewd bargaining on the moral frontier: Toward a theory of morality in practice. Business Ethics Quarterly, 1 (2): 135167.Google Scholar
DePaulo, B. M., & Bell, K. L. 1996. Truth and investment: Lies are told to those who care. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71 (4): 703716.Google Scholar
Drolet, A. L., & Morris, M. W. 2000. Rapport in conflict resolution: Accounting for how face-to-face contact fosters mutual cooperation in mixed-motive conflicts. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36 (1): 2650.Google Scholar
Earley, P. C. 1997. Face, harmony and social structure: An analysis of organizational behavior across cultures. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Evans, M. G. 1985. A Monte Carlo study of the effects of correlated method variance in moderated multiple regression analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 36 (3), 305323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. 1975. Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Friedman, R., Chi, S., & Liu, L. A. 2006. An expectancy model of Chinese-American differences in conflict avoiding. Journal of International Business Studies, 379 (4), 7691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fulmer, I. S., Barry, B., & Long, A. 2009. Lying and smiling: Informational and emotional deception in negotiation. Journal of Business Ethics, 88 (4): 691709.Google Scholar
Gelfand, M. J., & Realo, A. 1999. Individualism-collectivism and accountability in intergroup negotiations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84 (5): 721736.Google Scholar
Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Peng, K., & Greenholtz, J. 2002. What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales?:The reference-group effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82 (6): 903918.Google Scholar
Ho, D. Y. F. 1976. On the concept of face. American Journal of Sociology, 81 (4): 867884.Google Scholar
Holtgraves, T. 1997. Styles of language use: Individual and cultural variability in conversational indirectness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73 (3): 624637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honeycutt, E. D. Jr, Glassman, M., Zugelder, M. T., & Karande, K. 2001. Determinants of ethical behavior: A study of autosalespeople. Journal of Business Ethics, 32 (1): 6979.Google Scholar
Huang, L. L. 1999. Interpersonal harmony and conflict. Taipei, Taiwan: Gui Guan.Google Scholar
Hwang, K. K. 1987. Face and favor: The Chinese power game. American Journal of Sociology, 92 (4): 944974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keesing, R.M. 1974. Theories of culture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 3 (1): 7397.Google Scholar
Keltner, D., & Kring, A. M. 1998. Emotion, social function, psychopathology. Review of General Psychology, 2 (3): 320342.Google Scholar
Kopelman, S., & Rosette, A.S. 2008. Cultural variation in response to strategic display of emotions in negotiations. Group Decision and Negotiation, 17 (1): 6577.Google Scholar
Lax, D. A., & Sebenius, J. K. 1986. The manager as negotiator. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Leung, K., Brew, F. P., Zhang, Z. X., & Zhang, Y. 2011. Harmony and conflict: A cross-cultural investigation in China and Australia. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42 (5): 795816.Google Scholar
Lewicki, R. J., & Bunker, B. B. 1996. Developing and maintaining trust in work relationships. In Kramer, R. M. & Tyler, T. R. (Eds.), Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research: 114139. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Lewicki, R. J., Stevenson, M. A., & Bunker, B. B. 1997. The three components on interpersonal trust: Instrument development and differences across relationships, Paper presented at the Academy of Management Meeting , Boston, August 1997.Google Scholar
Lewicki, R. J., Saunders, D. M., & Barry, B. 2006, Negotiation 5th ed.). Instructor's Manual on CD. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill/Irwin.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. D., & Weigert, A. 1985. Trust as a social reality. Social Forces, 63 (4): 967985.Google Scholar
Liu, L. A, Friedman, R. & Chi, S. 2005. ‘RenQing’ versus the ‘Big 5’: The need for culturally sensitive measures of individual differences in negotiations. Management and Organization Review, 1 (2): 225247.Google Scholar
Luo, J.-D. 2011. Guanxi revisited – An exploratory study of familiar ties in a Chinese workplace. Management and Organizational Review, 7 (2): 329351.Google Scholar
Luo, Y., Huang, Y., & Wang, S. L. 2012. Guanxi and organizational performance: A meta-analysis. Management and Organization Review, 8 (1): 139172.Google Scholar
Ma, L., & McLean Parks, J. 2012. Your good name: The relationship between perceived reputational risk and acceptability of negotiation tactics. Journal of Business Ethics, 106 (2): 161175.Google Scholar
Ma, Z. 2010. The SINS in business negotiations: Explore the cross-cultural differences in business ethics between Canada and China. Journal of Business Ethics, 91 (1): 123135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. 1991. Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98 (2): 224253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. 1995. An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20 (3): 709734.Google Scholar
Mazar, N., & Aggarwal, P. 2011. Greasing the palm: Can collectivism promote bribery? Psychological Science, 22 (7): 843848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazar, N., & Ariely, D. 2006. Dishonesty in everyday life and its policy implications. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 25 (1): 117–26.Google Scholar
McAllister, D. J. 1995. Affect- and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 38 (1): 2459.Google Scholar
McAllister, D. J. 1997. The second face of trust: Reflections on the dark side of interpersonal trust in organizations. In Lewicki, R. J., Bies, R. J., & Sheppard, B. H. (Eds.), Research on negotiation in organizations: 87111. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Mesquita, B., & Frijda, N. H. 1992. Cultural variations in emotions: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 112 (2): 179204.Google Scholar
Morris, M. W., Williams, K. Y., Leung, K., Bhatnagar, D., Li, J. F., Kondo, M., Luo, J. L., & Hu, J. C. 1998. Culture, conflict management style, and underlying values: Accounting for cross-national differences in styles of handling conflicts among US, Chinese, Indian and Filipina managers. Journal of International Business Studies, 29 (4): 729748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murninghan, J. K., Babcock, L., Thompson, L., & Pillutla, M. 1999. The information dilemma in negotiations: Effects of experience, incentives and integrative potential. International Journal of Conflict Management, 10 (4): 313339.Google Scholar
O’Connor, K. M., & Carnevale, P. J. 1997. A nasty but effective negotiation strategy: Misrepresentation of a common-value issue. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23 (5): 504515.Google Scholar
Olekalns, M., & Smith, P. L. 2007. Loose with the truth: Predicting deception in negotiation. Journal of Business Ethics, 76 (2): 225238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olekalns, M., & Smith, P. L. 2009. Mutually dependent: Power, trust, affect and the use of deception in negotiation. Journal of Business Ethics, 85 (3): 347365.Google Scholar
Oyserman, D., & Markus, H. R. 1993. The sociocultural self. In Suls, J. (Ed.), The self in social perspective: 187220. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Oyserman, D., Coon, H., & Kemmelmeier, M. 2002. Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128 (1): 372.Google Scholar
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. 2003. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88 (5): 879903.Google Scholar
Putnam, L. L., & Jones, T. S. l982. The role of communication in bargaining. Human Communication Research, 8 (3): 262280.Google Scholar
Rallapalli, K. C., Vitell, S. J., & Barnes, J. H. 1998. The influence of norms on ethical judgments and intentions: An empirical study of marketing professionals. Journal of Business Research, 43: 157168.Google Scholar
Rempel, J. K., Holmes, J. G., & Zanna, M. D. 1985. Trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49 (1): 95112.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Burks, J. 2002. Protestant relational ideology and (in)attention to relational cues in work settings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83 (4): 919929.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Burks, J., Lee, F., Choi, I., Nisbett, R. E., Zhao, S., & Koo, J. 2003. Conversing across cultures: East–West communication styles in work and nonwork contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85 (2): 363372.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. H. 1992. Universals in the content and structure of values: Theory and empirical tests in 20 countries. In Zanna, M. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 25: 165. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. H. 1994. Beyond individualism/collectivism: New dimensions of values. In Kim, U., Triandis, H. C., Kagitcibasi, C., Choi, S. C. & Yoon, G. (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory application and methods: 77119. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Schweitzer, M., & Croson, R. 1999. Curtailing deception: The impact of direct questions on lies and omissions. The International Journal of Conflict Management, 10 (3): 225248.Google Scholar
Schweitzer, M. E., DeChurch, L. A., & Gibson, D. E. 2005. Conflict frames and the use of deception: Are competitive negotiators less ethical? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35 (10): 21232149.Google Scholar
Steinel, W., & De Dreu, C. K. W. 2004. Social motives and strategic misrepresentation in social decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86 (3):419434.Google Scholar
Tenbrunsel, A. 1998. Misrepresentation and expectations of misrepresentation in an ethical dilemma: The role of incentives and temptation. Academy of Management Journal, 41 (3): 330349.Google Scholar
Ting-Toomey, S., & Cocroft, B. A. 1994. Face and facework: Theoretical and research issues. In Ting-Toomey, S. (Ed.), The challenge of facework: Cross-cultural and interpersonal issues: 307340. New York: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Ting-Toomey, S., Gao, G., Trubisky, P., Yang, Z., Kim, H. S., Lin, S.-L., & Nishida, T. 1991. Culture, face maintenance, and styles of handling interpersonal conflict: A study in five cultures. International Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2 (4): 275296.Google Scholar
Ting-Toomey, S., Yee-Jung, K. K., Shapiro, R. B., Garcia, W., Wright, T. J., & Oetzel, J. G. 2000. Ethnic/cultural identity salience and conflict styles in four US ethnic groups. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24 (1): 4781.Google Scholar
Tinsley, C. H., & Brett, J. M. 2001. Managing workplace conflict in the United States and Hong Kong. Organization Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 85 (2): 360381.Google Scholar
Tinsley, C. H., O’Connor, K. M., & Sullivan, B. A. 2002. Tough guys finish last: The perils of a distributive reputation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 88 (2): 621642.Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. 1995. Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C., McCusker, C., & Hui, H. 1990. Multimethod probes of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59 (5): 10061020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Triandis, H. C., Carnevale, P., Gelfand, M. J., Rubert, C., Wasti, A., Probst, T. M., Kashima, E. S., Dragona, S. T., Chan, D., Chen, X. P., Kin, V., Kim, K., De Dreu, C., Van de Vlieut, E., Iwao, S., Ohbuchi, K., & Schmitz, P. 2001. Culture and deception in business negotiations: A multilevel analysis. International Journal of Cross-cultural Management, 1 (1):7390.Google Scholar
Trompenaars, F., & Hampden-Turner, C. 1997. Riding the waves of culture (2nd ed.). London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.Google Scholar
Tsui, A. S. 2004. Contributing to global management knowledge: A case for high quality indigenous research. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 21 (4): 491513.Google Scholar
Tsui, A. S. 2006. Contextualization in Chinese management research. Management and Organization Review, 2 (1): 113.Google Scholar
Tsui, A. S. 2007. From homogenization to pluralism: International management research in the academy and beyond. Academy of Management Journal, 50 (6): 13531364.Google Scholar
Tung, R. I., Worm, V., & Fang, T. 2008. Sino-Western business negotiations revisited – 30 years after China's open door policy. Organizational Dynamics, 37 (1): 6074.Google Scholar
Wang, C. L., Lin, X. H., Chan, A. K., & Shi, Y. 2005. Conflict handling styles in international joint ventures: A cross-cultural and cross-national comparison. Management International Review, 45 (1): 322.Google Scholar
Whetten, D. A. 2008 An examination of the interface between context and theory applied to the study of Chinese organizations. Management and Organization Review, 5 (1): 2955.Google Scholar
Zucker, L. G. 1986. Production of trust: Institutional sources of economic structure. In Staw, B. M. & Cummings, L. L. (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, Vol. 8: 53111. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Zhang supplementary material

Translated abstracts

Download Zhang supplementary material(File)
File 19.9 KB