Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T00:20:54.836Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Director Networks, Political Connections, and Earnings Quality in Malaysia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 August 2020

Effiezal Aswadi Abdul Wahab*
Affiliation:
Curtin University of Technology, Australia
Mohd Faizal Jamaludin
Affiliation:
Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah, Malaysia
Dian Agustia
Affiliation:
Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Iman Harymawan
Affiliation:
Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
*
Corresponding author: Effiezal Aswadi Abdul Wahab ([email protected])

Abstract

This article investigates the relationship between director networks and earnings quality in Malaysia. Using data on 4,416 individual directors who served on the boards of 745 firms listed on Bursa, Malaysia during 2011, we map the entire network of directors and generate measures to reflect the size and quality of information within the network. We find a negative and significant relationship between the overall connectedness of a director's network and the firm's earnings quality. In addition, we find a negative and significant relationship between the political connectedness of the director's network and earnings quality. Our results are robust for different measures of earnings quality.

Type
Special Issue Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2020 The International Association for Chinese Management Research

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

ACCEPTED BY Senior Editor Maral Muratbekova-Touron, Guest Editors Fida Afiouni, Sven Horak, Alena Ledeneva, Senior Editor Yanjie Bian, and Deputy Editor Carl F. Fey

References

REFERENCES

Abdul Wahab, E. A., Allah Pitchay, A., & Ali, R. 2015. Culture, corporate governance and analysts forecast in Malaysia. Asian Review of Accounting, 23(3): 232255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdul Wahab, E. A., How, J. C. Y., & Verhoeven, P. 2007. The impact of the Malaysian code on corporate governance: Compliance, institutional investors and stock performance. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 3(2): 106129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adhikari, A., Derashid, C., & Zhang, H. 2006. Public policy, political connections, and effective tax rates: Longitudinal evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 25(5): 574595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andres, C., Bongard, I., & Lehmann, M. 2013. Is busy really busy? Board governance revisited. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 40(9–10): 12211246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnea, A., & Guedj, I. 2006. ‘But, Mom, all the other kids have one’! - CEO compensation and director networks. McCombs Business Research Paper, 1st Annual Conference on Empirical Legal Studies. Available from URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=908673CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartov, E., Gul, F. A., & Tsui, J. S. 2000. Discretionary-accruals models and audit qualifications. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 30(3): 421452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedard, J. C., & Johnstone, K. M. 2004. Earnings manipulation risk, corporate governance risk, and auditors’ planning and pricing decisions. Accounting Review, 79(2): 277304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, D. 2010. The 2008 Malaysia general election: Killing the ghost of 1969? Flinders Asia Centre Occasional Paper 2, April 2010. AsiaOnline.Google Scholar
Bliss, M. A., & Gul, F. A. 2012b. Political connection and leverage: Some Malaysian evidence. Journal of Banking & Finance, 36(8): 23442350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonacich, P. 1987. Power and centrality: A family of measures. American Journal of Sociology, 92(5): 11701182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonacich, P., & Lloyd, P. 2015. Eigenvec centrality and structural zeroes and ones: When is a neighbor not a neighbor? Social Networks, 43: 8690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borgatti, S. P. 2005. Centrality and network flow. Social Networks, 27(1): 5571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borgatti, S. P., & Halgin, D. S. 2011. On network theory. Organization Science, 22(5): 11681181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G., & Freeman, L. C. 2002. Ucinet for Windows: Software for social network analysis. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies, 6.Google Scholar
Boyd, B. K. 1995. CEO duality and firm performance: A contingency model. Strategic Management Journal, 16(4): 301312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brass, D. J. 2011. A social network perspective on organizational psychology. In Kozlowski, S. W. J. (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of organizational psychology, Vol. 1: 667695. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, R., Gao, N., Lee, E., & Stathopoulos, K. 2012. What are friends for? CEO networks, pay and corporate governance. In Boubaker, S., Nguywen, B., & Nguywen, D. (Eds.), Corporate governance: 287307. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, R. S. 2000. The network structure of social capital. Research in Organizational Behavior, 22: 345423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Case, W. 2017. Stress testing leadership in Malaysia: The 1MDB scandal and Najib Tun Razak. The Pacific Review, 30(5): 633654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, K. 2012. Social networks and the organisation of big business groups in post New Economic Policy (NEP) era in the 1990s in Malaysia. Asian Ethnicity, 13(1): 128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaney, P. K., Faccio, M., & Parsley, D. 2011. The quality of accounting information in politically connected firms. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 51(1–2): 5876.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claessens, S., Djankov, S., & Lang, L. H. P. 2000. The separation of ownership and control in East Asia corporations. Journal of Financial Economics, 58(1–2): 81112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Core, J. E., Holthausen, R. W., & Larcker, D. F. 1999. Corporate governance, chief executive officer compensation, and firm performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 51(3): 371406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahan, N. 2005a. Can there be a resource-based view of politics? International Studies of Management & Organization, 35(2): 827.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dechow, P. M., & Dichev, I. D. 2002. The quality of accruals and earnings: The role of accrual estimation errors. The Accounting Review, 77(S–1): 3559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dechow, P. M., Ge, W., & Schrand, C. 2010. Understanding earnings quality: A review of the proxies, their determinants and their consequences. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(2–3): 344401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., & Sweeney, A. P. 1995. Detecting earnings management. The Accounting Review, 70(2): 93225.Google Scholar
DeGeorge, F., Patel, J., & Zeckhauser, R. 1999. Earnings management to exceed thresholds. The Journal of Business, 72(1): 133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinc, I. S. 2005. Politicians and banks: Political influences on government-owned banks in emerging markets. Journal of Financial Economics, 77(2): 453479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DuCharme, L. L., Malatesta, P. H., & Sefcik, S. E. 2004. Earnings management, stock issues, and shareholder lawsuits. Journal of Financial Economics, 71(1): 2749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durbach, I. N., & Parker, H. 2009. An analysis of corporate board networks in South Africa. South Africa Journal of Business Management, 40(2): 1527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eveland, WP, Hutchens, MJ, & Morey, AC 2013. Political network size and its antecedents and consequences. Political Communication, 30(3): 371394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faccio, M. 2006. Politically connected firms. The American Economic Review, 96(1): 369386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faccio, M., Masulis, R., & McConnell, J. J. 2006. Political connections and corporate bailouts. Journal of Finance, 61(6): 25972635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. 1983. Separation of ownership and control. Journal of Law and Economics, 26(2): 301325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, J. P., & Wong, T. J. 2005. Do external auditors perform a corporate governance role in emerging markets? Evidence from East Asia. Journal of Accounting Research, 43(1): 3572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferris, S. P., Jagannathan, M., & Pritchard, A. C. 2003. Too busy to mind the business? Monitoring by directors with multiple board appointments. Journal of Finance, 58(3): 10811111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fich, E. M., & Shivdasani, A. 2006. Are busy boards effective monitors? The Journal of Finance, 61(2): 689724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisman, R., 2001. Estimating the value of political connections. American Economic Review, 91(4): 10951102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fracassi, C. 2017. Corporate finance policies and social networks. Management Science, 63(8): 24202438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, J., LaFond, R., Olsson, P., & Schipper, K. 2005. The market pricing of accruals quality. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 39(2): 295327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, L. C. 1979. Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social Networks , 1(3): 215239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, L. C. 2004. The development of social network analysis: A study in the sociology science. Vancouver, Canada: Empirical Press.Google Scholar
Gomez, E. T. 2002. Political business in Malaysia: Party factionalism, corporate development, and economic crisis. In Gomez, E. T. (Ed.), Political business in East Asia: 82114. London, UK: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomez, E. T. 2004. ‘De-essentialising capitalism': Chinese networks and family firms in Malaysia. Asia Insights, 3: 810.Google Scholar
Gomez, E. T., & Jomo, K. S. 1999. Malaysia’s political economy: Politics, patronage and profits. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gul, F. A. 2006. Auditors’ response to political connections and cronyism in Malaysia. Journal of Accounting Research, 44(5): 931963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habib, A., Uddin Bhuiyan, B., & Islam, A. 2013. Financial distress, earnings management and market pricing of accruals during the global financial crisis. Managerial Finance, 39(2): 155180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, S., Samuel, R., Sedgwick, P., & Taylor, C. 1957. The insiders. Universities and Left Review, 3: 2364.Google Scholar
Haniffa, R. M., & Cooke, T. E. 2002. Culture, corporate governance and disclosure in Malaysian corporations. Abacus, 38(3): 317349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, L., Labelle, R., Piot, C., & Thornton, D. B. 2009. Board monitoring, audit committee effectiveness, and financial reporting quality: Review and synthesis of empirical evidence. Journal of Forensic & Investigative Accounting, 1(2): 142.Google Scholar
Hillman, A. J. 2005. Politicians on the board of directors: Do connections affect the bottom line? Journal of Management, 31(3): 464481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillman, A. J., & Dalziel, T. 2003. Boards of directors and firm performance: Integrating agency and resource dependence perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 28(3): 383396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillman, A. J., Withers, M. C., & Collins, B. J. 2009. Resource dependence theory: A review. Journal of Management, 35(6): 14041427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, J., & Serafeim, G. 2012. Security analyst networks, performance and career outcomes. Available from URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1522313Google Scholar
Horton, J., Millo, Y., & Serafeim, G. 2012. Resources or power? Implications of social networks on compensation and firm performance. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 39(3): 399426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, B. H., & Kim, S. 2009. It pays to have friends. Journal of Financial Economics, 93(1): 138158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johansson, A. C. 2015. On the challenge to competitive authoritarianism and political patronage in Malaysia. Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, 29(2): 4767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, S., & Mitton, T. 2003. Cronyism and capital controls: Evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Financial Economics, 67(2): 351382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilduff, M., & Brass, D. J. 2010. Organizational social network research: Core ideas and key debates. Academy of Management Annals, 4(1): 317357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, A. 2002. Audit committee, board of director characteristics, and earnings management. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33(3): 375400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koka, B. R., & Prescott, J. E. 2008. Designing alliance networks: The influence of network position, environmental change, and strategy on firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 29(6): 639661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kothari, S. P., Leone, A. J., & Wasley, C. E. 2005. Performance matched discretionary accrual measures. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 39(1): 163197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larcker, D. F., So, E. C., & Wang, C. C. Y. 2013. Boardroom centrality and firm performance. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 55(2–3): 25250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, J. W., & Hwang, M. I. 2010. Audit quality, corporate governance, and earnings management: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Auditing, 14(1): 5777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luo, Y., Huang, Y., & Wang, S. L. 2012. Guanxi and organizational performance: A meta-analysis. Management and Organization Review, 8(1): 139172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupton, T., & Wilson, C. S. 1959. The social background and connections of “top decision makers.” The Manchester School, 27(1): 3051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macus, M. 2008. Board capability; An interactions perspective on boards of directors and firm performance. International Studies of Management & Organization, 38(3): 98116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNichols, M. F. 2002. Discussion of the quality of accruals and earnings: The role of accrual estimation errors. The Accounting Review, 77(S–1): 6169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. 2001. Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27: 415444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mizruchi, M. S. 1996. What do interlocks do? An analysis, critique, and assessment of research on interlocking directorates. Annual Review of Sociology, 22(1): 271298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munir, S., Saleh, N. M., Jaffar, R., & Yatim, P. 2013. Family ownership, related-party transactions and earnings quality. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance, 9(1): 129153.Google Scholar
Neter, J., Wasserman, W., & Kutner, M. H. 1983. Applied linear regression models. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin. Inc.Google Scholar
Nicholson, G. J., Alexander, M., & Kiel, G. C. 2004. Defining the social capital of the board of directors: An exploratory study. Journal of Management & Organization, 10(1): 5472.Google Scholar
Omer, T. C., Shelley, M. K., & Tice, F. M. 2014. Do well-connected directors affect firm value? Journal of Applied Finance, 24(2): 1732.Google Scholar
Pascual-Fuster, B., & Crespí-Cladera, R. 2018. Politicians in the boardroom: Is it a convenient burden? Corporate Governance: An International Review, 26(6): 448470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, M. W., & Heath, P. S. 1996. The growth of the firm in planned economies in transition: Institutions, organizations, and strategic choice. Academy of Management Review, 21(2): 492528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfeffer, JS, & Salancik, G 1978. The external control of organizations: a resource dependence perspective. New York: Harper & Row New York.Google Scholar
Pincus, M., & Rajgopal, S. 2002. The interaction between accrual management and hedging: Evidence from oil and gas firms. The Accounting Review, 77(1), 127160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renneboog, L., & Zhao, Y. 2011. Us knows us in the UK: On director networks and CEO compensation. Journal of Corporate Finance, 17(4): 11321157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, J. 2000. Social network analysis: A handbook, 2nd ed.London, UK: Sage Publications Ltd.Google Scholar
Selznick, P. 1949. TVA and the grass roots: A study in the sociology of formal organization (Vol. 3). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Shrader, C. B., Hoffman, A. N., & Stearns, T. M. 1991. Agency directors and network centrality: An examination of resource dependencies. Journal of Managerial Issues, 3(1): 4661.Google Scholar
Simpson, A. 2013. Does investor sentiment affect earnings management? Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 40(7–8): 869900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srinidhi, B. N., & Gul, F. A. 2007. The differential effects of auditors’ nonaudit and audit fees on accrual quality. Contemporary Accounting Research, 24(2): 595629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, R. 1991. Chairmen and chief executives: An exploration of their relationship. Journal of Management Studies, 28(5): 511528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turley, S., & Zaman, M. 2004. The corporate governance effects of audit committees. Journal of Management and Governance, 8(3): 305332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wan-Hussin, W. N. 2009. The impact of family-firm structure and board composition on corporate transparency: Evidence based on segment disclosures in Malaysia. The International Journal of Accounting, 44(4): 313333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. 1995. Social network analysis: Methods and applications: 6989. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Westphal, J. D., & Khanna, P. 2003. Keeping directors in line: Social distancing as a control mechanism in the corporate elite. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48(3): 361398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westphal, JD, & Zajac, EJ 1997. Defections from the inner circle: Social exchange, reciprocity, and the diffusion of board independence in US corporations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1): 161183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, N. J. 2004. The beginnings of crony capitalism: Business, politics and economic development in Malaysia. Modern Asian Studies, 38(02): 389417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xin, K. K., & Pearce, J. L. 1996. Guanxi: Connections as substitutes for formal institutional support. Academy of Management Journal, 39(6): 16411658.Google Scholar
Zona, F, Gomez-Mejia, LR, & Withers, MC 2018. Board interlocks and firm performance: Toward a combined agency–resource dependence perspective. Journal of Management, 44(2): 589618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar