A preliminary annotated list of the foliicolous lichens and of their lichenicolous fungi occurring in the laurisilva in Madeira is presented. Fellhaneropsis Séerus. & Coppins gen. nov. is introduced to accommodate Bacidia myrtillicola Erichsen and Bacidia vezdae Coppins & James, both being present in Madeira on living leaves. Two new species are described: Byssoloma kalbii Sérus. sp. nov. and Fellhanera seroexspectata Sérus. sp. nov. The following combinations are introduced: Fellhanera lambinonii (Sérus.) Lücking & Sérus.,Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola (Erichsen) Sérus. & Coppins, F. vezdae (Coppins & James) Sérus. & Coppins, Woessia apiahica (Müll. Arg.) Sérus., W. canariensis (Lumbsch & Vězda) Sérus. and W. vasakii (Vězda) Sérus. A key to all foliicolous species of Fellhanera is presented. Bacidia buxi Vězda & Vivant and Bacidia gorgonea. Vězda & Poelt are reduced into synonymy with Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola, Tapellaria similes Kalb with Byssoloma marginatum(Arnold) Sérus., and Bacidia michaeliana Sérus. with .Bacidia lambinonii Sérus.

The genus Jarmania, based on the single species J. tristis, is described. The new genus is characterized by a byssoid-leprose thallus, immarginate apothecia, asci of the Bacidia-type, strongly anastomosing paraphyses and septate, acicular ascospores. The new species is corticolous and is known only from cool temperate rainforest in Tasmania.

Strigula fossulicola sp. nov. and S. oceanica sp. nov. are described from Lord Howe Island, New South Wales, Australia. They inhabit the leaves of endemic shrubs and trees and are distinguished by ascospores that fracture at the septum prior to maturity.

Standardized lichen surveys were conducted on 849 trees in 132 ecological long-term observation plots in the Swiss Plateau and Pre-Alps: 262 lichen taxa were identified, 64 (24%) of them sorediate crustose species. Their mean percentage of the flora on individual trees and in individual plots was even higher. The mean percentage of crustose lichen species with vegetative propagules, such as soredia, was per plot significantly higher in the Pre-Alps than in the Plateau, higher in forest than in non-forest areas, and, according to the vegetation belts, lowest in the colline-submontane zone. It was found that the biodiversity of lichens could not be determined without considering the sorediate crustose lichens. Furthermore, by performing standardized surveys of all taxa, the occurrence of the following species in Switzerland was confirmed for the first time: Cliostomum leprosum, Fuscidea arboricola, Fuscidea pusilla, Hypocenomyce leucococca, Hypocenomyce sorophora, Lecanora norvegica, Lepraria eburnea, Lepraria elobata, Lepraria jackii, Lepraria obtusatica, Lepraria rigidula, Pertusaria boreahs and Rinodina griseosoralifera. Seven taxa that displayed distinctive chemistry, could not yet be identified.

The thermocouple psychrometer was used to determine water potential, Ψ and its components in the lichen Parmotrema tinctorum. Data suggested that using conventional pressure-volume curves to study the water relations of lichens may give anomalous results, possibly because lichens may contain appreciable amounts of intercellular water. A way of correcting pressure-volume curves to remove the effect of intercellular water is discussed. Parmotrema tinctorum had a very low osmotic potential at full turgor (c. −2.5 MPa), and a low bulk modulus of elasticit (c. 2.1 MPa). As a result, P. tinctorum lost turgor only when the relative water content dropped below 0.47. Likely benefits of this for the lichen are discussed.

The FV/FM ratio of Lobaria pulmonaria with decreasing pH in samples from a boreal forest influenced by acid rain in SE Norway, suggesting that low pH has an effect on the optimal quantum yield of PSII. The pH was measured of distilled deionized water in which lobes from different habitats were rinsed, probably indicating the ionic environment of the lichen. The best prediction of FV/FM was found in a multiple regression model including the explanatory variables: pH, a/b-ratio and chlorophyll degradation measured as the 666/666a ratio, all correlated positively with FV/FM but not with each other. The commonly used chlorophyll degradation 435/415 ratio cannot be used for L. pulmonaria because of an unidentified, habitat-influenced brownish pigment with high absorbance in the 415–435 nm wavelength range.