Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T00:59:13.546Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A race against time: monitoring the necropolis and the territory of Cyrene and Giarabub through protocols of remote sensing and collaboration with Libyan colleagues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 September 2017

Oliva Menozzi ,
Eugenio Di Valerio ,
Clara Tamburrino ,
Abdulrahim Saleh Shariff ,
Vincenzo d'Ercole  and
Maria Giorgia Di Antonio
Oliva Menozzi
Affiliation:
Classical archaeologist, Chieti University.
Eugenio Di Valerio
Affiliation:
Classical archaeologist and topographer, CAAM (Centre of the Athenaeum for Archaeometry and Microanalysis), Chieti University.
Clara Tamburrino
Affiliation:
MPhil in remote sensing at Salento University and member of the Chieti University team in Cyrenaica.
Abdulrahim Saleh Shariff
Affiliation:
Department of Antiquities, Shahat.
Vincenzo d'Ercole
Affiliation:
Direzione Generale Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio, MIBACT - Ministero per i Beni e per le Attività Culturali e Turismo, Roma; Direttore della Missione Archeologica MIBACT a Giarabub.
Maria Giorgia Di Antonio
Affiliation:
Classical archaeologist and topographer, member of the Chieti University team in Cyrenaica.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The core area of Cyrene, despite recent upheavals, benefits from well-managed controls and fences that so far seem to have stopped the looting, although not the vandalism. These fences act mainly as a psychological barrier; for the local people, everything inside the fences is seen as ‘more important’ than what is outside. However, it is impossible to enclose all the monumental tombs, rock-cut sanctuaries and ancient farms and fortifications. The first type of damage we see is due to looting, which is increasing, and acts of vandalism. The lack of regulation and police control as well as increased urbanisation have caused a lot of uncontrolled building, causing the further destruction of large sections of the necropolis. A second type of damage is due to the lack of maintenance. In order to help restore the sites, the Universities of Urbino, Chieti, Roma 3, Naples 2 and the Mission of the MIBACT at Giarabub, in collaboration with the DoA, have organised courses on ‘Rescue restoration in emergency’. Despite the growing number of inspectors and technicians in Cyrene, there are still not enough archaeologists, guards or restorers. This paper explains these general issues and, as a case study, the remote but important area of Giarabub.

تستفيد منطقة مركز القيروان من الضوابط والأسيجة المُحكمة الإدارة بالرغم من الاضطرابات الحديثة، مما أوقف النهب ولكن ليس التخريب . يعمل السياج كرادع نفسي بشكل رئيسي : بالنسبة للسكان المحليين فإن أي شيء داخل السياج يعتبر أكثر أهمية مما هو خارجه . ولكن من المستحيل تسييج جميع القبور الضخمة والمقدسات المحفورة بالصخر والمزارع القديمة والتحصينات . أول أنواع الضرر الذي نشاهده هو بسبب النهب المتزايد والأعمال التخريبية . إن إفتقار تطبيق القوانين وعدم سيطرة الشرطة والعمران المتزايد قد سببوا وجود العديد من الأبنية غير المضبوطة، مما سبب مزيداً من الدمار لأجزاء كبيرة من المقابر.

والنوع الثاني من الدمار يعود إلى نقص الصيانة. من أجل المساعدة في ترميم المواقع، فقد نظمت جامعات إربينو وكييتي وروما 3 ونيابلز 2 وبعثة وزارة التراث الثقافي والأنشطة والسياحة في جغبوب وبالتعاون مع دائرة الآثار، دورات في "الترميم الإنقاذي في حالات الطوارئ ". وبالرغم من العدد المتزايد للمفتشين والتقنيين في القيروان، لا يوجد العدد الكافي من علماء الآثار والحراس والمرممين. هذه الورقة تشرح هذه المواضيع العامة وكحالة دراسة، تشرح عن منطقة جغبوب الهامة على الرغم من بعدها.

Type
Part 1: Conference proceedings ‘Libyan Antiquities at Risk’
Information
Libyan Studies , Volume 48 , November 2017 , pp. 69 - 103
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Libyan Studies 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdalrahim Sheriff Saad, A., Farag Abdel Hati, S., Antonelli, S., Menozzi, O., Petraccia, V., and Somma, M. C. 2016. GIS of the chora of Cyrene: fortifications and Christian buildings in Late Antiquity. Libyan Studies 47: 31–66.Google Scholar
Al Raeid, F., Di Valerio, E., Di Antonio, M. G., Menozzi, O., Abdalgader el Mziene, M. A. S., and Tamburrino, C. 2016. The main issues of the Cyrene necropolis and the use of remote sensing for monitoring in the case of the eastern necropolis. Libyan Studies 47: 7–30.Google Scholar
Astolfi, M., and Di Carlo, M. 2015. Architetturafuneraria di tipo rupestre a Cipro: note su Arcosolia e Loculi nella zona di Paphos e Kourion. Frankfurter elektronische Rundschau zur Altertumskunde 27: 1–19.Google Scholar
Beschi, L. 1969–70. Divinità funerarie cirenaiche. Annali della Scuola di Atene XLVII-XLVIII (n.s. XXXI-XXXII): 133–341.Google Scholar
Cassels, J., 1955. The cemeteries of Cyrene. Paper of the British School at Rome XXIII.Google Scholar
Castagna, S. 1950. La difesa di Giarabub. Milan.Google Scholar
Chamoux, F. 1953. Cyrène sous la monarchie des Battiades. Bibliothèque des Écoles Françaises d'Athènes et de Rome 177. Paris: 284–87.Google Scholar
d'Ercole, V., and Martellone, A. 2006. Ricognizione preliminare nell'oasi di Giarabub. In Fabbricotti, E. and Menozzi, O. (eds), Atti X Convegno di Archeologia Cirenaica: studi, scavi e scoperte. BAR International Series 1488, Oxford: 457–68.Google Scholar
Desio, A., Silvestri, A., Zuffardi Comerci, R., Cipolla, F., Chiarugi, A., Cugia, M., Florinda, G. B., Massari, C., Gestro, R., Vinci-Guerra, D., and Lusina, G. 1928–31. Risultati scientifici della missione alla oasi di Giarabub 1926–1927. R. Società Geografica Italiana, Rome.Google Scholar
Fabbricotti, E. 2008. Venticinque anni di attività della Cattedra di Archeologia Classica e Numismatica Antica. Lo scavo di Iuvanum e la Missione in Libia. In Menozzi, O., Fossataro, D., Di Marzio, M. L. (eds), Soma 2005: Proceedings of the IX Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, Chieti (Italy), 24–26 February 2005. Archaeopress, Oxford: 11–20.Google Scholar
Fakhry, A. 1944. Siwa Oasis. Cairo.Google Scholar
Ferri, S. 1929. Le Dee Ignote di Cirene. Rivista delle Colonie Italiane 3: 710–17.Google Scholar
Giddy, L. L. 1987. Egyptian Oases. Warminster.Google Scholar
Kenrick, P. 2013. Cyrenaica. Silphium Press, London.Google Scholar
Leahy, A. 1990. Libya and Egypt c1300–750 BC. SOAS Centre of Near and Middle Eastern Studies and the Society for Libyan Studies, London.Google Scholar
Menozzi, O. 2010. Tracce di suddivisioni agrarie nella Chora Cirenea e ipotesi di sfruttamento economico del territorio: i dati del Gis e del Remote Sensing. In Luni, M. (ed.), Cirene e la Cirenaica nell'antichità. L'Erma di Bretschneider, Rome: 47–58.Google Scholar
Menozzi, O. 2012. The archaeological mission of Chieti University in Cyrenaica: aims, results and possibilities. In Ensoli, S. (ed.), For the Preservation of the Cultural Heritage in Libya: A Dialogue among Institutions. Fabrizio Serra Editore, Pisa and Rome: 104–109.Google Scholar
Menozzi, O. 2015. Extramural rock-cut sanctuaries in the territory of Cyrene. Libyan Studies 46: 57–74.Google Scholar
Menozzi, O. 2016. Libya: archaeology in war and archaeology of the war. In Santoro, S. (ed.), Skills and Tools to the Cultural Heritage and Cultural Tourism Management Archaeology: Proceedings of the Conference, 13 April 2012, Chieti. CHTMBAL Project 2. Edizioni D'Errico, Teramo: 91–110.Google Scholar
Menozzi, O., Antonelli, S., Cinalli, A., Mancini, M. C., and Agostini, S. 2014. Lamluda: from the excavation to the archaeometric analysis. Libyan Studies 45: 65–83.Google Scholar
Menozzi, O., Di Antonio, M. G., and Di Valerio, E. 2015. Archaeological mission of Chieti University, 2009–2014. Libya Antiqua 8: 249–75.Google Scholar
Menozzi, O., Fossataro, D., and Somma, M. C. 2010. Lamluda, un insediamento rurale nella chora di Cirene: primi dati di scavo (luglio 2008) – Progetto Lamluda, Libia: survey, GIS e Scavi. Temporis Signa 5: 55–74.Google Scholar
Menozzi, O., and Tamburrino, C. 2012. Laser scanning and infra-red thermographic prospecting for diagnostic mapping and restoration projects: the case of the painted tombs at Cyrene (Libya). International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era 1: 343–49.Google Scholar
Mohamed, F. A. 1998. El-Jaghbub. In Catani, E. and Marengo, S. M. (eds), La Cirenaica in età antica. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di studi. Macerata, 18–20 Maggio 1995. Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali, Macerata.Google Scholar
Mohamed, F. A. 2007. Trial excavations at El-Jaghbub. In Gasperini, L. and Marengo, S. M. (eds), Cirene e la Cirenaica nell'antichità. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di studi. Roma-Frascati, 18–21 Dicembre 1996. Edizioni Tored, Tivoli and Rome: 1–16.Google Scholar
Mziene, M. A. S., and Al Raeid, F. 2015. I siti archeologici di Cirene e del suo territorio: la situazione attuale. Libya Antiqua 8: 69–75.Google Scholar
Petraccia, V., Abdalrahim, A. S. S., and Abdel Hati, S. F. 2015. El Mtaugat: Un'emergenza Archeologica. Libya Antiqua 8: 299–305.Google Scholar
Siciliano, F. 2006. Divinità Funerarie Cirenaiche Alcuni recenti rinvenimenti. In Fabbricotti, E. and Menozzi, O. (eds), Archeologia Cirenaica: Nuovi dati da città e territorio. Atti del X Convegno di Archeologia Cirenaica. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford: 409–22.Google Scholar
Tamburrino, C. 2015. L'area della cosiddetta necropoli est: nuovi dati dalle ricognizioni e dal remote sensing 2011–2013. Libya Antiqua 8: 223–37.Google Scholar
Thorn, J. C. 2005. The Necropolis of Cyrene: Two Hundred Years of Explorations. L'Erma di Bretschneider, Rome.Google Scholar
Ward-Perkins, J. B. and Goodchild, R. G. 2003. Christian Monuments of Cyrenaica. Edited by Reynolds, J.. Society for Libyan Studies, London.Google Scholar
Wright, G. R. H. 1997. Tombs at the oasis of Jeghbub: an exploration in 1955. Libyan Studies 28: 29–41.Google Scholar