Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T00:43:02.954Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Libyan Period in Egypt: An Essay in Interpretation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2015

A. Leahy
A. Leahy*
Affiliation:
Department of Ancient History and Archaeology, University of Birmingham
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The common assumption that the Libyans who governed Egypt during the ‘Third Intermediate Period’ (c. 1070–715 BC) were Egyptianised is misleading. The nature and provenance of the extant evidence tends to obscure the retention of their ethnic identity, but this is apparent in the persistence of Libyan names and titles in Egypt. The influence of these Libyans can be traced in the fragmented political structure of the period, which represents decentralisation, not anarchy; in the erosion of the distinction between king and subject; in the disintegration of convention in language and script; and in the cessation of elaborate preparation for death and the afterlife.

Type
Articles
Information
Libyan Studies , Volume 16 , 1985 , pp. 51 - 65
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Libyan Studies 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aldred, C. 1956. The Carnarvon Statuette of Amun. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 42: 3–7.Google Scholar
Aldred, C. 1980. Egyptian Art. London, Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Badawi, A. 1957. Das Grab des Kronprinzen Scheschonk, Sohnes Osorkon II. und Hohenpriesters von Memphis. Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Egypte 54: 153–177.Google Scholar
Baer, K. 1973. The Libyan and Nubian Kings of Egypt: Notes on the Chronology of Dynasties XXII to XXVI. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 32: 4–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baines, J. and Eyre, C. 1983. Four notes on literacy. Göttinger Miszellen 61: 65–96.Google Scholar
Bates, O. 1914. The Eastern Libyans. London, Macmillan and Co.Google Scholar
Berlandini, J. 1978. Une stèle de donation du dynaste libyen Roudamon. Bulletin de l'Institut Francais d'Archéologie Orientale 78: 147–164.Google Scholar
Berlandini, J. 1979. Petits monuments royaux de la XXIe à la XXVe dynastie. In Hommages à la mémoire de Serge Sauneron I: 89–114. Cairo, Institut Francais d'Archéologie Orientale.Google Scholar
Bierbrier, M. 1975. The Late New Kingdom in Egypt. Warminster, Aris and Phillips Ltd.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 1981. Avaris and Piramesse – Archaeological Exploration in the Eastern Nile Delta. From The Proceedings of the British Academy, London, Volume LXV (1979). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Blackman, A. 1941. The stela of Shoshenk, Great Chief of the Meshwesh. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 27: 83–95.Google Scholar
Breasted, J.H. 1906a. Ancient Records of Egypt III. New York, Russell and Russell.Google Scholar
Breasted, J. H. 1906b. Ancient Records of Egypt IV. New York, Russell and Russell.Google Scholar
Bruyere, B. 1929. Mert Seger à Deir el Médineh. Cairo, Institut Francais d'Archéologie Orientale. Mémoires LVIII.1.Google Scholar
Butzer, K. 1976. Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt. Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Caminos, R. 1958. The Chronicle of Prince Osorkon. Rome, Pontificium Institutum Biblicum.Google Scholar
Caminos, R. 1977. A Tale of Woe. Oxford, Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum.Google Scholar
Černý, J. 1975. Egypt: From the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-first Dynasty. In The Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd ed., Vol. II, Part 2, ch. 35: 606–657. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chappaz, J.-L. 1982. Une stèle de donation de l'an 21 de Ioupout II au Musée d'Art et d'Histoire. Genova 30: 71–81.Google Scholar
Crawford, D. 1980. Ptolemy, Ptah and Apis in Hellenistic Memphis. In Crawford, D., Quaegebeur, J. and Clarysse, W., Studies on Ptolemaic Memphis (Louvain, Studia Hellenistica 24): 1–42.Google Scholar
Edwards, I. E. S. 1982. Egypt: From the Twenty-second to the Twenty-fourth Dynasty. In The Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd ed., Vol. III, Part 1, ch. 13: 534–581. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, H. 1976. Archaeological Aspects of Epigraphy and Palaeography. In Caminos, R. and Fischer, H. G., Ancient Egyptian Epigraphy and Palaeography: 29–50. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art.Google Scholar
Forgeau, A. 1984. Prêtres Isiaques: Essai d'anthropologie religieuse. Bulletin de l'Institut Francais d'Archéologie Orientale 84: 155–187.Google Scholar
Gardiner, A. 1933. The Dakhleh Stela. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 19: 19–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardiner, A. 1948. The Wilbour Papyrus II. Oxford University Press for the Brooklyn Museum.Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. 1971. Re-used Blocks from the Pyramid of Amenemhet 1 at Lisht. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art.Google Scholar
Gomaà, F.Die libyschen Fürstentümer des Deltas vom Tod Osorkons II: bis zur Wiedervereinigung Ägyptens durch Psametik I. Wiesbaden, Dr Ludwig Reichert.Google Scholar
Graefe, E. 1975. Der libysche Stammesname p(j)d(j)/pjt im spätzeitlichen Onomastikon. Enchoria 5: 13–17.Google Scholar
Grimal, N.-C. 1981. La stèle triomphale de Ri(ʿankh)y au Musée du Caire. Cairo, Institut Francais d'Archéologie Orientale – Mémoires CV.Google Scholar
Hölscher, W. 1955. Libyer und Ägypter. Glückstadt, J.J. Augustin.Google Scholar
Hornung, E. 1971. Das Grab des Haremhab im Tal der Könige. Bern, Francke Verlag.Google Scholar
Jacquet-Gordon, H. 1960. The inscriptions on the Philadelphia-Cairo statue of Osorkon II. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 46: 12–23.Google Scholar
Jacquet-Gordon, H. 1967. The Illusory Year 36 of Osorkon I. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 53: 63–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacquet-Gordon, H. 1972. Texts of the XXIst to the XXVth Dynasty. In Textes et langages de l'Egypte pharaonique: 107–122. Cairo, Institut Francais d'Archéologie Orientale.Google Scholar
Jansen-Winkeln, K. (Forthcoming). Ägyptische Biographien der 22. und 23. Dynastie. Ägypten und Altes Testament 8.Google Scholar
Janssen, J. 1968. The Smaller Dakhla Stela (Ashmolean Museum no. 1894.107b). Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 54: 165–172.Google Scholar
Kemp, B. 1983. Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period c. 2686–1552 BC. In B. G., Trigger, B.J., Kemp, O'Connor, D. and Lloyd, A. B., Ancient Egypt – A Social History, ch. 2: 71–182. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitchen, K. 1973. The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC). Warminster, Aris and Phillips Ltd.Google Scholar
Kitchen, K. 1983. Further thoughts on Egyptian Chronology in the Third Intermediate Period. Revue d'Egyptologie 34: 59–69.Google Scholar
Leahy, A. 1979. Nespamedu, 'King' of Thinis. Göttinger Miszellen 35: 31–39.Google Scholar
Leahy, A. 1980. ‘Ḫarwa' and 'ḥarbes'. Chronique d'Egypte 55: 43–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leahy, A. 1982. Ḥnsw-ἰy: A Problem of Late Onomastica. Göttinger Miszellen 60: 67–79.Google Scholar
Leahy, A. 1984. The name Pз-wrm. Göttinger Miszellen 76: 17–23.Google Scholar
Limme, L. 1973. Les oases de Khargeh et Dakhleh d'après les documents égyptiens de l'époque pharaonique. In Etudes sur l'Egypte et le Soudan anciens (Cahiers de Recherches de l'Institut de Papyrologie et d'Egyptologie de Lille I): 39–58.Google Scholar
Lloyd, A. 1982. The Inscription of Udjahorresnet, a Collaborator's Testament. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 68: 166–180.Google Scholar
Lloyd, A. 1983. The Late Period, 664–323 BC. In Trigger, B. G., Kemp, B. J., O'Connor, D. and Lloyd, A. B., Ancient Egypt – A Social History, ch. 4: 279–348. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loret, V. 1942. La stèle votive du tombeau d'Osorkon II. Kêmi 9: 97–106.Google Scholar
Meeks, D. 1979. Les donations aux temples dans l'Egypte du Ier millénaire avant J.-C. In Lipinski, E. (ed.), State and Temple Economy in the Ancient Near East II (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 6, Louvain, Department Oriëntalistiek): 605–687.Google Scholar
De Meulenaere, H. 1978. Notes de prosopographie thébaine: 3. Le vizir Nespamedu. Chronique d'Egypte 53: 229–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montet, P. 1947. La nécropole royale de Tanis I – Les constructions et le tombeau d'Osorkon II à Tanis. Paris.Google Scholar
Montet, P. 1951. La nécropole royale de Tanis II – Les constructions et le tombeau de Psousennes à Tanis. Paris.Google Scholar
Montet, P. 1960. La nécropole royale de Tanis III – Les constructions et le tombeau de Chéchanq III à Tanis. Paris.Google Scholar
O'Connor, D. 1972. A regional population in Egypt to c. 600 BC. In Spooner, B. (ed.), Population growth: anthropological implications: 98–100. Cambridge, Mass. and London, The MIT Press.Google Scholar
O'Connor, D. 1983. New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, 1552–664 BC. In Trigger, B. G., Kemp, B.J., O'Connor, D. and Lloyd, A. B., Ancient Egypt – A Social History, ch. 3: 183–278. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onasch, C. 1976–1977. Zur Königsideologie der Ptolemäer in den Dekreten von Kanopus und Memphis (Rosettana). Archiv für Papyrusforschung 24–25: 137–155.Google Scholar
Osing, J. 1980. Libyen, Libyer. In Helck, W., Otto, E. and Westendorf, W. (eds), Lexikon der Ägyptologie III: cols. 1015–1033. Wiesbaden, Otto Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Porter, B. and Moss, R. 1937. Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings V – Upper Egypt: Sites. Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Porter, B. and Moss, R. 1981. Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings, 2nd ed., III – Memphis, Part 2 – Saqqara to Dahshur. Oxford, Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum.Google Scholar
Posener, G. 1960. De la divinité du Pharaon. Paris, Imprimerie Nationale.Google Scholar
Pritchard, J. 1950. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Randall-MacIver, D. and Mace, A.C. 1902. El Amrah and Abydos. London, Egypt Exploration Fund.Google Scholar
Redford, D. B. 1979. The Historiography of Ancient Egypt. In Weeks, K. (ed.), Egyptology and the Social Sciences: 3–20. Cairo, American University in Cairo Press.Google Scholar
Russmann, E. 1974. The Representation of the King in the XXVth Dynasty. Brussels and Brooklyn, Monographies Reine Elisabeth 3.Google Scholar
Sadek, A. I. 1984. An attempt to translate the Corpus of the Deirel-Bahri Hieratic Inscriptions (I). Göttinger Miszellen 71: 67–91.Google Scholar
Sandars, N. K. 1978. The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean, 1250–1150 BC. (Ancient Peoples and Places Vol. 89). London, Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Spalinger, A. 1979. Some notes on the Libyans of the Old Kingdom and Later Historical Reflexes. Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 9: 125–160.Google Scholar
Spencer, P. A. and Spencer, A. J. 1986. Notes on Late Libyan Egypt. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 72 (forthcoming).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stadelmann, R. 1971. Das Grab im Tempelhof: Der Typus des Königsgrabes in der Spätzeit. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 27: 111–123.Google Scholar
Tresson, P. 1935–1938. L'inscription de Chéchanq Ier au musée du Caire. In Mélanges Maspero I.2 (Cairo, Institut Francais d'Archéologie Orientale, Mémoire LXVI): 817–840.Google Scholar
Vernus, P. 1975a. Inscriptions de la troisième période intermédiaire (I). Bulletin de l'Institut Francais d'Archéologie Orientale 75: 1–66.Google Scholar
Vernus, P. 1975b. Inscriptions de la troisième période intermédiaire (II). Bulletin de l'Institut Francais d'Archéologie Orientale 75: 67–72.Google Scholar
Vernus, P. 1979. Amon pз-ʿdr: de la piété ‘populaire’ à la speculation théologique. In Hommages à la Mémoire de Serge Sauneron I: 463–476. Cairo, Institut Francais d'Archéologie Orientale.Google Scholar
Vernus, P. 1980. Inscriptions de la troisième période intermédiaire (IV). Cahiers de Karnak VI, 1973–1977. Cairo, le Centre franco-égyptien d'étude des temples de Karnak.Google Scholar
Vernus, P. 1982. Name. In Helck, W., Otto, E. and Westendorf, W. (eds.), Lexikon der Ägyptologie IV: cols. 320–337. Wiesbaden, Otto Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Vernus, P. 1984. Vestiges de langues chamito-sémitiques dans les sources égyptiennes méconnues. In Bynon, J. (ed.), Current Progress in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics: Papers of the Third International Hamito-Semitic Congress. (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 28: Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science IV): 477–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vickers, M. and Reynolds, J. M. 1972. Cyrenaica 1962–1972. Archaeological Reports for 1971–1972 (Supplement no. 15, Journal of Hellenic Studies): 26–47.Google Scholar
Vleeming, S. 1981. La phase initiale du démotique ancien. Chronique d'Egypte 56: 31–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vycichl, W. 1983. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte. Louvain, Peeters.Google Scholar
Yoyotte, J. 1960. Anthroponymes d'origine libyenne dans les documents égyptiens. Comptes rendus du groupe linguistique d'études chamito-sèmitiques (GLECS) 8: 22–24. Paris.Google Scholar
Yoyotte, J. 1961. Les principautés du Delta au temps de l'anarchie libyenne. In Mélanges Maspero I.4 (Cairo, Institut Francais d'Archéologie Orientale, Mémoire): 121–181.Google Scholar
Yoyotte, J. 1963. Études géographiques II. Revue d'Egyptologie 15: 106–114.Google Scholar
Yoyotte, J. 1971. Petits monuments de l'époque libyenne. Kêmi 21: 47–52.Google Scholar