¹ S. Rushdie, Joseph Anton (2013), at 360.

² R. Barthes, ‘Introduction to the Structural Analysis of Narrative’, in Image, Music, Text (1977), at 79.

³ Phelan, J. and Rabinowitz, P., ‘Narrative as Rhetoric’, in Herman, D.et al., Narrative Theory: Core Concepts and Critical Debates (2012), 3Google Scholar, at 5.

⁴ P. Goldie, The Mess Inside: Narrative, Emotion, and the Mind (2012), at 2.

⁵ Miller, J. H., ‘Narrative’, in Lentricchia, F. and McLaughlin, T. (eds.), Critical Terms for Literary Study (1995)Google Scholar, at 67. See generally Herman, D., Jahn, M., and Ryan, M. (eds.), Routledge Encyclopaedia of Narrative Theory (2005)Google Scholar; Herman, L. and Vervaeck, B. (eds.), Handbook of Narrative Analysis (2006)Google Scholar.

⁶ J. Culler, The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction (2001), at 189. Narratology traditionally drew on two main sources: first, Claude Lévi-Strauss’ application of linguistic principles to the study of myths, concluding that apparently disparate mythical narratives could be reduced to a limited number of component mythemes; and secondly, the formalist analysis of Russian folk tales, which revealed that a small number of narrative ‘functions’ and roles constituted the underlying grammar of storytelling. See D. Macey, The Penguin Dictionary of Critical Theory (2000), at 264; Lévi-Strauss, C., ‘The Structural Study of Myth’, (1955) 68 Journal of American Folklore 428CrossRefGoogle Scholar; V. Propp, Morphology of the Folktale (1968); C. Bremond, Logique du récit (1973); A. Greimas, Sémantique structurale: Recherche de method (1966).

⁷ Bremond, C., ‘The Logic of Narrative Possibilities’, (1980) 11 (3)NLH 387CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁹ Brooks, P., ‘Narrative Transactions – Does the Law Need a Narratology?’, (2006) 18 (1)Yale J.L.& Human. 1Google Scholar, at 24.

¹⁰ Miller, supra note 5, at 69. For a discussion of the interaction between narrative and ideology, see Herman, L. and Vervaeck, B., ‘Ideology’ in Herman, D. (ed.), Cambridge Companion to Narrative (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 217; T. Eagleton, The Ideology of the Aesthetic (1990); A. Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks (1971).

¹¹ See, e.g., Ryan, M. (ed.), Narrative Across Media: The Languages of Storytelling (2004)Google Scholar; Hyvärinen, M., Hatavara, M., and Hydén, L. (eds.), The Travelling Concepts of Narrative (2013)Google Scholar.

¹² Herman, Jahn, and Ryan, supra note 5, at ix.

¹³ Cognitive narratology is discussed under the rubric of ‘postclassical narratology’: Herman, D. (ed.), Narratologies: New Perspectives on Narrative Analysis (1999)Google Scholar. See generally Herman, D. (ed.), Narrative Theory and the Cognitive Sciences (2003)Google Scholar; M. Ryan, Possible Worlds, Artificial Intelligence and Narrative Theory (1991); M. Turner, Reading Minds: The Study of English in the Age of Cognitive Science (1991); M. Fludernik, Towards a ‘Natural’ Narratology (1996); Bernaerts, L., De Geest, D., Herman, L., and Vervaeck, B. (eds.), Stories and Minds: Cognitive Approaches to Literary Narrative (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁴ Jahn, ‘Cognitive Narratology’, in Herman, Jahn, and Ryan, supra note 5, at 67; M. Ryan, ‘Toward a Definition of Narrative’ in Herman, supra note 10, at 27: ‘[S]tories can exist in the mind as pure patterns of information, inspired by life experience or created by the imagination, independently of their representation through the signs of a specific medium’.

¹⁵ D. Herman, ‘Towards a Transmedial Narratology’ in Ryan, supra note 11, at 47. See Sternberg, M., ‘Universals of Narrative and Their Cognitivist Fortunes’, (2003) 24 (2)Poetics Today 297CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 306: ‘Tentacles would appear the right word for such expansionist, all-devouring interdisciplinarity, stretchable to everything possibly associated with cognitive representations, yet accountable to nothing beyond its own psychological methodology’.

¹⁶ For differing perspectives on the relationship between narrativity and fictionality, see J. R. Searle, ‘The Logical Status of Fictional Discourse’, in Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts (1979), at 65; D. Cohn, The Distinction of Fiction (1999); R. Walsh, The Rhetoric of Fictionality: Narrative Theory and the Idea of Fiction (2007).

¹⁷ R. Smith, Being Human: Historical Knowledge and the Creation of Human Nature (2007), at 174; White, H., ‘The Question of Narrative in Contemporary Historical Theory’, (1984) 23 (1)Hist. Theory 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar; H. White, The Content of The Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation (1990).

¹⁸ D. Carr, Time, Narrative and History (1991), at 65.

¹⁹ P. Ricoeur, ‘The Narrative Function’, in Hermeneutics & the Human Sciences (1981), at 274.

²⁰ Ibid., at 284. See P. Ricoeur, Time and Narrative (1990).

²¹ Ibid., at 294. See also A. MacIntyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (1981), at 248: ‘we enter upon a stage which we did not design and we find ourselves part of an action that was not of our own making’; C. Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (1992), at 208: narrative history is ‘the basic and essential genre for the characterization of human actions’.

²² Ibid., at 278.

²³ Ibid., at 278.

²⁴ Ibid., at 279.

²⁵ Ibid., at 279.

²⁶ Exceptions include ‘Legal Storytelling’, (1989) 89 Mich. L. Rev. 2073; Brooks, P. and Gewirtz, P. (eds.), Law's Stories: Narrative and Rhetoric in the Law (1998)Google Scholar; Wolff, L., ‘Let's Talk About Lex: Narrative Analysis as Both Research Method and Teaching Technique in Law’, (2014) 35 Adel. L. Rev. 3Google Scholar.

²⁷ Edwards, L. H., ‘The Convergence of Analogical and Dialectical Imaginations in Legal Discourse’, (1996) 20 Leg. Stud. Forum 7Google Scholar.

²⁸ See, e.g., R. Burns, A Theory of the Trial (1998); H. Porter Abbott, Cambridge Introduction to Narrative (2008), at 179: ‘a trial can be described as a huge, unpolished narrative compendium featuring the contest of two sets of authors, each trying to make their central narrative of events prevail by spinning narrative segments for their rhetorical impact’.

²⁹ See Levinson, S., ‘Law as Literature’, (1982) 60 Tex. L. Rev. 373Google Scholar; R. Posner, Law and Literature (2009); I. Ward, Law and Literature: Possibilities and Perspectives (2008); Aristodemou, supra note 8.

³⁰ R. Dworkin, Law's Empire (1986), at 228–32.

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³³ P. Goodrich, Law in the Courts of Love: Literature and Other Minor Jurisprudences (1996), at 112: ‘Law is a literature which denies its literary qualities. It is a play of words which asserts an absolute seriousness; it is a genre of rhetoric which represses its moments of invention or of fiction; it is a language which hides its indeterminacy in the justificatory discourse of judgment; it is procedure based on analogy, metaphor and repetition and yet it lays claim to being a cold or disembodied prose, a science without poetry or desire; it is a narrative which assumes the epic proportions of truth; it is, in short, a speech or writing which forgets the violence of the word and the terror or jurisdiction of the text’.

³⁴ C. Douzinas and R. Warrington, Postmodern Jurisprudence: The Law of the Text in the Text of the Law (1991).

³⁵ Singh, S., ‘Narrative and Theory: Formalism's Eternal Return’, (2014) 84 BYBIL 304Google Scholar, at 309: ‘[N]arrative analysis seeks to look beyond a legal theory text's apparent coherence and unity, its apparent self-sufficiency, rather seeking to highlight and then breach its “strategies of containment”’; West, R., ‘Jurisprudence as Narrative: An Aesthetic Analysis of Modern Legal Theory’, (1985) 60 N.Y.U.L.Rev. 145Google Scholar.

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⁴¹ See, e.g., R. Teitel, Humanity's Law (2011); A. Trindade, The Access of Individuals to International Justice (2011); Frankenberg, G., ‘Human Rights and the Belief in a Just World’, (1999) 12 ICON 35Google Scholar.

⁴² See, e.g., K Alter, The New Terrain of International Law: Courts, Politics, Rights (2014); Kingsbury, B., ‘International Courts: Uneven Judicialisation in Global Order’, in Crawford, J. and Koskenniemi, M. (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to International Law (2012)Google Scholar, at 203–27.

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⁴⁶ See, e.g., M. Koskenniemi, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870–1960 (2001), at 2: ‘no assumption about history as a monolithic or linear progress narrative is involved’; S. Moyn, The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History (2010); Fassbender, B. and Peters, A., ‘Introduction: Towards a Global History of International Law’, in Fassbender, B. and Peters, A. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law (2012), 1Google Scholar, at 2.

⁴⁷ J. Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (1979), at xxiv.

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⁵⁰ Simpson, G., ‘Linear Law: The History of International Criminal Law’ in Schwöbel, C. (ed.), Critical Approaches to International Criminal Law (2014)Google Scholar, at 159 (historical narratives that are privileged in international criminal tribunals include individualized historical narratives over structural histories; linear over fragmentary histories; and hegemonic histories which celebrate agency over counter-hegemonic, or social, accounts).

⁵¹ Kratochwil, supra note 39, at 167.

⁵² Ricoeur, supra note 19, at 278.

⁵³ See Lixinski, L., ‘Narratives of the International Legal Order and Why They Matter’, (2013) 6 (1)Erasmus L.Rev. 2Google Scholar.

⁵⁴ J. Halverson et al., Master Narratives of Islamist Extremism (2011), at 14.

⁵⁵ M. Koskenniemi, From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument (2005), at 512.

⁵⁶ M. Koskenniemi, ‘The Fate of Public International Law: Between Technique and Politics’, in The Politics of International Law (2011), 331, at 355.

⁵⁷ See, e.g., J. Klabbers, A. Peters, and G. Ulfstein, The Constitutionalization of International Law (2009); Kumm, M., ‘The Legitimacy of International Law: A Constitutionalist Framework of Analysis’, (2004) 15 EJIL 907CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Collins, R., ‘Constitutionalism as Liberal-Juridical Consciousness: Echoes from International Law's Past’, (2009) 22 (2)LJIL 251CrossRefGoogle Scholar; de Wet, E., ‘The International Constitutional Order’, (2006) 55 ICLQ 51CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁶⁰ N. Krisch, Beyond Constitutionalism: The Pluralist Structure of Postnational Law (2010), at 23; Walker, N., ‘Beyond Boundary Disputes and Basic Grids: Mapping the Global Disorder of Normative Orders’, (2008) 6 ICON 373Google Scholar; N. Roughan Authorities (2013); P. Berman, Global Legal Pluralism: A Jurisprudence of Law Beyond Borders (2012).

⁶¹ S. Douglas-Scott, ‘Brave New World? The Challenges of Transnational Law and Legal Pluralism to Contemporary Legal Theory’, in Nobles, R. and Schiff, D. (eds.), Law, Society and Community: Socio-Legal Essays in Honour of Roger Cotterell (2014)Google Scholar.

⁶² Koskenniemi, supra note 56, at 353–4. For that reason, Koskenniemi advocates a constitutionalist mindset, understood as a ‘programme of moral and political regeneration’ rather than an architectural project: ‘Constitutionalism as a Mindset: Reflections on Kantian Themes about International Law and Globalisation’, (2007) 8 Theo Inq L 9, at 18.

⁶³ Kingsbury, B., Krisch, N., and Stewart, R., ‘The Emergence of Global Administrative Law’, (2005) 68 LCP 15Google Scholar, at 17.

⁶⁴ Marks, S., ‘Naming Global Administrative Law’, (2005) 37 N.Y.U.J.Int'l Law & Pol. 995Google Scholar, at 1001.

⁶⁵ Ranganathan, S., ‘The Value of Narratives: The India-USA Nuclear Deal in Terms of Fragmentation, Pluralism, Constitutionalisation and Global Administrative Law’, (2013) 6 (1)Erasmus L.Rev. 17Google Scholar, at 30.

⁶⁶ R. Goodman and D. Jinks, Socializing States: Promoting Human Rights Through International Law (2013), at 25.

⁶⁷ Harrison, J., ‘The Case for Investigative Legal Pluralism in International Economic Law Linkage Debates’, (2014) 2 (1)London Review of International Law 115CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 116. For a defence of international law as a system, see Crawford, J., ‘Chance, Order, Change: The Course of International Law’, (2013) 365 RCADI 137–252Google Scholar.

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⁶⁹ Marks, supra note 64, at 996.

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⁷¹ Solum, L. B., ‘Narrative, Normativity, and Causation’, (2010) Mich.St.L.Rev. 597Google Scholar, at 602.

⁷² F. Johns, Non-Legality in International Law (2013), at 218.

⁷³ Ranganathan, supra note 65, at 30.

⁷⁴ See the discussion of voice, distance, and focalization in Abbott, supra note 28, at 70–75. Narrative perspective is a central preoccupation of enunciative narratology: see, generally, Patron, S., ‘Enunciative Narratology: A French Speciality’, in Olson, G. (ed.), Current Trends in Narratology (2011)Google Scholar, at 312.

⁷⁵ R. Scholes and R. Kellogg, The Nature of Narrative (1966), at 240. Cf. no-narrator approaches to narrative theory: see, e.g., A. Banfield, Unspeakable Sentences: Narration and Representation in the Language of Fiction (1982).

⁷⁶ Brooks, supra note 9, at 25.

⁷⁷ Herman, supra note 10, at 282.

⁷⁸ ‘Unreliable Narration’ in Herman, Jahn, and Ryan, supra note 5, at 623.

⁷⁹ W. Booth, The Rhetoric of Fiction (1961). See also W. Riggan, Picaros, Madmen, Naifs, and Clowns: The Unreliable First-Person Narrator (1981).

⁸⁰ Ibid., at 158.

⁸¹ Ibid., at 155.

⁸² V. Nabokov, Lolita (1959).

⁸³ Riggan, supra note 79, at 14.

⁸⁴ Booth, supra note 79, at 307.

⁸⁵ See T. Kindt and H. Müller, The Implied Author: Concept and Controversy (2006); Nünning, A., ‘Deconstructing and Reconceptualizing the Implied Author: The Resurrection of an Anthropomorphized Passepartout or the Obituary of a Critical Phantom?’, (1997) 8 (2)Anglistik 95Google Scholar.

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⁹⁰ S. Rimmon-Kennan, Narrative Fiction: Contemporary Poetics (1983), at 87.

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⁹² Ibid., at 105.

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⁹⁸ On the difference between narrativity and fictionality, supra note 16.

⁹⁹ Phelan, supra note 86, at 67.

¹⁰⁰ Fludernik, M., ‘Fiction vs Non-Fiction: Narratological Differentiation’, in Füger, W. and Helbig, J. (eds.), Erzählen und Erzähltheorie im 20 (2001)Google Scholar, at 85–103.

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¹⁰³ Ibid.

¹⁰⁴ E. Goffman, Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience (1974), at 3 (distinguishing between the ‘content of a current perception and the reality status we give to what is thus enclosed or bracketed within perception’).

¹⁰⁵ See, e.g., Minsky, M., ‘A Framework for Representing Knowledge’, in Haugeland, J. (ed.), Mind Design II: Philosophy, Psychology, Artificial Intelligence (1997)Google Scholar, at 111; R. Schank and R. Abelson, Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding: An Inquiry Into Human Knowledge Structures (1977).

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¹⁰⁹ M. Weber, Max Weber on Law in Economy and Society (1954), at 6–7.

¹¹⁰ Kennedy, D., ‘One, Two, Three Many Legal Orders: Legal Pluralism and the Cosmopolitan Dream’, (2007) 31 NYU Rev.L.&Soc.Change 641Google Scholar, at 650.

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¹¹⁵ Koskenniemi, supra note 56, at 337.

¹¹⁶ S. Fish, Is There a Text in this Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities (1982); I. Johnstone, The Power of Deliberation: International Law, Politics and Organizations (2011), at 33–54; M. Waibel, ‘Interpretive Communities in International Law’, in Bianchi, A., Peat, D., and Windsor, M. (eds.), Interpretation in International Law (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 147–65. On situatedness, see Korhonen, O., ‘New International Law: Silence, Defence or Deliverance?’, (1996) 7 EJIL 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Peat, D. and Windsor, M., ‘Playing the Game of Interpretation: On Meaning and Metaphor in International Law’, in Bianchi, A., Peat, D., and Windsor, M. (eds.), Interpretation in International Law (2015), 3CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 14–15.

¹¹⁷ Johnstone, supra note 116, at 44.

¹¹⁸ Ibid., at 41.

¹¹⁹ Ibid., at 41–43.

¹²⁰ I. Venzke, How Interpretation Makes International Law (2012), at 62–64.

¹²¹ Johnstone, supra note 116, at 44.

¹²² Marks, supra note 64, at 996.

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¹²⁴ Hansen, supra note 96.

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¹²⁶ Wählisch, supra note 107, at 332.

¹²⁷ Dehm, S., ‘Framing International Migration’, (2015) 3 (1)London Review of International Law 133CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 137.

¹²⁸ See, e.g., Alston, P., ‘The CIA and Targeted Killing Beyond Borders’, (2011) 2 Harv. National Security J. 283Google Scholar; Heller, K., ‘One Hell of a Killing Machine: Signature Strikes and International Law’, (2013) 11 (1)JICJ 89Google Scholar; Goodman, R., ‘The Power to Kill or Capture Enemy Combatants’, (2013) 24 (3)EJIL 819CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Finkelstein, C., Ohlin, J., and Altman, A. (eds.), Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetric World (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹³⁰ A. Orford, Reading Humanitarian Intervention (2003), at 158–85.

¹³¹ National Security Strategy of the United States (2002). See Flint, C. and Falah, G.-W., ‘How the United States justified its war on terrorism: prime morality and the construction of a “Just War”’, (2004) 25 (8)Third World Q. 1379CrossRefGoogle Scholar; R. Krebs, Narrative and the Making of US National Security (2015); A. Hodges, The ‘War on Terror’ Narrative: Discourse and Intertextuality in the Construction and Contestation of Sociopolitical Reality (2011).

¹³² Soueif, A., ‘The Function of Narrative in the “War on Terror’’’, in Miller, C. (ed.), War on Terror: The Amnesty Lectures (2009)Google Scholar, at 28. See also A. Kundnani, The Muslims are Coming: Islamophobia, Extremism and the Domestic War on Terror (2014).

¹³³ The US described its drone program in terms of its ability to ‘distinguish . . . effectively between an Al Qaeda terrorist and innocent civilians’, and describes its drones as capable of conducting strikes with ‘astonishing’ and ‘surgical’ precision: J. Brennan, ‘The Ethics and Efficacy of the President's Counter-Terrorism Strategy’, 30 April 2012. Available at: http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/04/brennanspeech/ (accessed 7 August 2015).

¹³⁴ See Johns, F., Joyce, R., and Pahuja, S. (eds.), Events: The Force of International Law (2011)Google Scholar.

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¹³⁸ Ibid., at 233.

¹³⁹ See, e.g., Milanovic, M., ‘The Lost Origins of Lex Specialis: Rethinking the Relationship between Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law’ in Ohlin, J. (ed.), Theoretical Boundaries of Armed Conflict and Human Rights (2014)Google Scholar; d'Aspremont, J. and Tranchez, E., ‘The Quest for a Non-Conflictual Coexistence of International Human Rights Law and Humanitarian Law: Which Role for the Lex Specialis Principle?’, in Kolb, R. and Gaggioli, G. (eds.), Research Handbook on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law (2013)Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁰ ‘A Court for Targeted Killings’, New York Times (13 February 2013).

¹⁴¹ See, e.g., UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary, or Arbitrary Executions, Philip Alston – Study on Targeted Killings, A/HRC/14/24/Add.6, 28 May 2010; Buchanan, A. and Keohane, R., ‘Toward a Drone Accountability Regime’, (2015) 29 (1)Ethics and International Affairs 15CrossRefGoogle Scholar; N. Crawford, Accountability for Killing: Moral Responsibility for Collateral Damage in America's Post-9/11 Wars (2013).

¹⁴² D. Kennedy, Of War and Law (2006), at 127.

¹⁴³ UN Human Rights Council, supra note 141.

¹⁴⁴ Ibid., at 1.

¹⁴⁵ Ibid., at 87.

¹⁴⁶ Ibid., at 93.

¹⁴⁷ Al-Awlaqi v. Obama, 727 F. Supp.2d 1, 46–52 (DDC 2010). See generally Dehn, J. and Heller, K., ‘Targeted Killing: The Case of Anwar al-Awlaki’, (2011) 159 U.Pa.L.Rev. 175Google Scholar; Chesney, R., ‘Who May Be Killed? Anwar al-Awlaki as a Case Study in the International Legal Regulation of Lethal Force’, (2010) 13 YIHL 3Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁸ Ibid., (Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief).

¹⁴⁹ Ibid.

¹⁵⁰ Ibid.

¹⁵¹ Ibid.

¹⁵² See Gray, C., ‘Targeted Killing: Recent US Attempts to Create a Legal Framework’, (2013) 66 CLP 75Google Scholar. For a discussion of speechmaking, see Ingber, R., ‘Interpretation Catalysts and Executive Branch Legal Decisionmaking’, (2013) 38 Yale J.Int'l L. 359Google Scholar.

¹⁵³ H. H. Koh, ‘The Obama Administration and International Law’, Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law, 25 March 2010. Available at: http://www.state.gov/s/l/releases/remarks/139119.htm/ (accessed 7 August 2015). See McKelvey, T., ‘Defending the Drones: Harold Koh and the Evolution of US Policy’, in Bergen, P. and Rothenberg, D. (eds.), Drone Wars: Transforming Conflict, Law and Policy (2015)Google Scholar, at 85.

¹⁵⁴ E. Holder, Speech at Northwestern University School of Law, 5 March 2012. Available at: www.justice.gov/lso/opa/ag/speeches/2012/ag.speech-1203051.html/ (accessed 7 August 2015).

¹⁵⁵ Brennan, supra note 133.

¹⁵⁶ Koh, supra note 153.

¹⁵⁷ Living Under Drones: Death, Injury, and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan (September 2012). Available at: http://livingunderdrones.org/ (accessed 7 August 2015).

¹⁵⁸ Ibid., at v.

¹⁵⁹ Ibid., at ix.

¹⁶⁰ New York Times and ACLU v. US Department of Justice 11 Civ 9336 (2 January 2013).

¹⁶¹ See Kaye, D., ‘International Law Issues in the Department of Justice White Paper on Targeted Killing’, (2013) 17 (8)ASIL Insights 1Google Scholar; D. Cole, ‘How We Made Killing Easy’, New York Review of Books (6 February 2013).

¹⁶² Obama, ‘Remarks by the President at the National Defense University’, 23 May 2013. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/05/23/remarks-president-national-defense-university (accessed 7 August 2015).

¹⁶³ Ibid.

¹⁶⁴ UN General Assembly, Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary executions, A/68/382, 13 September 2013.

¹⁶⁵ Ibid., at 108.

¹⁶⁶ UN General Assembly, Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms while Countering Terrorism, 18 September 2013, at 41.

¹⁶⁷ UN Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations on the Fourth Report of the United States of America, adopted by the Committee in its 110^th session, 10–28 March 2014.

¹⁶⁸ Ibid., at 9.

¹⁶⁹ J. Jaffer, ‘Obama's Drone Memo is Finally Public’, The Guardian (24 June 2014).

¹⁷⁰ J. Jaffer, ‘The Drone Memo Cometh’, Just Security (21 June 2014).

¹⁷¹ ‘A Thin Rationale for Drone Killings’, New York Times (23 June 2014).

¹⁷² Johnstone, supra note 116, at 93.

¹⁷³ K. Anderson in J. Goldsmith, Power and Constraint: The Accountable Presidency after 9/11 (2012), at 200.

¹⁷⁴ Kingsbury, Krisch, and Stewart, supra note 63.

¹⁷⁵ For a discussion of ‘lawfare’, see Goldsmith, supra note 173, at 223–33.

¹⁷⁶ See H. Bruff, Bad Advice: Bush's Lawyers in the War on Terror (2009), at 61–83.

¹⁷⁷ Shroff, M., ‘The Worldly Task’, in Geiringer, C. and Knight, D. (eds.), Seeing the World Whole: Essays in Honour of Sir Kenneth Keith (2008), at 267Google Scholar.

¹⁷⁸ M. Weller, Iraq and the Use of Force in International Law (2010), at 253.

¹⁷⁹ Goldsmith, J., ‘The Irrelevance of Prerogative Power, and the Evils of Secret Legal Interpretation’, in Fatovic, C. and Kleinerman, B. (eds.), Extra-Legal Power and Legitimacy: Perspectives on Prerogative (2013), 214CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 230–31.

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¹⁸² G. Greenwald, ‘The NYT and Obama Officials Collaborate to Prosecute Awlaki After He's Executed’, The Guardian (11 March 2013). See generally R. Sagar, Secrets and Leaks (2013).

¹⁸³ Jaffer, supra note 169.

¹⁸⁴ Koh, H. H., ‘The State Department Legal Adviser's Office: Eight Decades in Peace and War’, (2012) 100 Geo.L.J. 1747Google Scholar, at 1754.

¹⁸⁵ T. Cheng, When International Law Works: Realistic Idealism after 9/11 and the Global Recession (2012), at 49–53.

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¹⁸⁹ Gray, supra note 152, at 87.

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¹⁹⁵ S. Shane and J. O. Becker, ‘Secret Kill List Proves a Test of Obama's Principles and Will’, New York Times (29 May 2012). See also Sanders, R., ‘(Im)plausible Legality: The Institutionalization of Human Rights Abuses in the American “Global War on Terror”’, (2011) 15 (4)IJHR 605Google Scholar.

¹⁹⁶ G. Chamayou, Drone Theory (2015), at 163.

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¹⁹⁸ A. Christie, The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (1993), Ch. 23.

¹⁹⁹ Brooks, supra note 9, at 28.

²⁰⁰ Riggan, supra note 79, at 10.

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²⁰⁷ Chamayou, supra note 196, at 167.

²⁰⁸ Compare Koh, supra note 153, with Koh, ‘How to End the Forever War?’ (Oxford Union, 7 May 2013). In March 2015, a group of students at New York University wrote an open letter of no-confidence in Koh's academic appointment at that institution, on the basis of his ‘direct facilitation of the US government's extrajudicial imposition of death sentences’. A counter-petition circulated, lauding Koh's ‘unquestionable personal commitment to human rights’. For discussion, see ‘Drone Strikes and International Law: Fallout Reaches The Ivory Tower’, The Economist (22 April 2015); E. Massimino, ‘The Wrong Litmus Test for Activists’, The Washington Post (30 April 2015); P. Alston, ‘Harold Koh and the Battle of the Dueling Petitions’, Just Security (20 April 2015); R. Goodman, ‘Advancing Human Rights From Within: The Footsteps of Harold Koh’, Just Security (10 April 2015). See generally Edelson, C., ‘The Law in Service to Power: Academics and Executive Branch Lawyers’, (2013) 43 (3)Presidential Studies Quarterly 618CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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²¹¹ D. Kennedy, supra note 142, at 116.

²¹² M. Mazzetti, C. Savage, and S. Shane, ‘How a US Citizen Came to Be in America's Cross Hairs’, New York Times (9 March 2013).

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²¹⁵ Solum, supra note 71.

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²¹⁸ Sennett in P. Brooks (ed.), The Humanities and Public Life (2014), at 102.

²¹⁹ Kennedy, D., ‘The Hermeneutic of Suspicion in Contemporary American Legal Thought’, (2014) 25 Law Critique 91CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On ideology, see Herman and Vervaeck, supra note 10; Marks, S., ‘Big Brother is Bleeping Us – With the Message That Ideology Doesn't Matter’, (2001) 12 EJIL 109CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Olesen, J., ‘Towards a Politics of Hermeneutics’, in Bianchi, A., Peat, D., and Windsor, M. (eds.), Interpretation in International Law (2015), at 311–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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²²¹ See F. Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act (1982).

²²² J. Butler, Frames of War: When Is Life Grievable? (2010), at 9.

²²³ Ibid., at 12.

²²⁴ White, J. B., ‘Law as Language: Reading Law and Reading Literature’, (1982) 60 Tex.L.Rev. 415Google Scholar, at 444.