¹ Dickinson, L., ‘The Promise of Hybrid Courts’, (2003) 97 AJIL 295, at 306 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

² G. Mattioli-Zeltne, ‘Taking Justice to a New Level: The Special Criminal Court in the Central African Republic’, Human Rights Watch, 13 July 2015, available at www.hrw.org/news/2015/07/13/taking-justice-new-level-special-criminal-court-central-african-republic.

³ Republika e Kosovës, Law No,05/L-053 On Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor's Office.

⁴ United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan, ‘Conflict in South Sudan: A Human Rights Report’ (2014), Recommendation 5 and para. 312.

⁵ ‘Democratic Republic of Congo: No More Delays for Justice – Establish Specialized Mixed Chambers and Adopt ICC Implementing Legislation During the Current Parliamentary System’, Human Rights Watch, 1 April 2014, available at www.hrw.org/news/2014/04/01/democratic-republic-congo-no-more-delays-justice.

⁶ Human Rights Council, ‘Report of the OHCHR Investigation on Sri Lanka, 14 July – 2 October 2015’, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/30/CRP.2 (2015), Recommendation 20, at 250.

⁷ United Nations, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Maximizing the Legacy of Hybrid Courts (2008).

⁸ Luban, D., ‘After the Honeymoon: Reflections on the Current State of International Criminal Justice’, (2013) 11 JICJ 505 Google Scholar.

⁹ Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Decision on the withdrawal of charges against Mr Kenyatta, ICC-01/09-02/11-1005, T. Ch. V(B), 13 March 2015. See further Mueller, S., ‘Kenya and the International Criminal Court (ICC): Politics, the Election and the Law’, (2014) 8 Journal of East African Studies 25 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰ Decision on Africa's Relationship with the International Criminal Court (ICC), Ext/Assembly/AU/Dec.1 (October 2013), para. 10.

¹¹ African National Congress, National Governing Council 2015 Resolutions on International Relations, Recommendation 2.9; Shinovene Immanuel, ‘Cabinet affirms ICC withdrawal’, The Namibian, 24 November 2015, available at www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=read&id=34394; ‘Ndaitwah clarifies Namibia's withdrawal from ICC’, New Era, 11 March 2016, available at www.newera.com.na/2016/03/11/ndaitwah-clarifies-namibias-withdrawal-icc/.

¹² McAuliffe, P., ‘Hybrid Tribunals at Ten: How International Criminal Justice's Golden Child Became an Orphan’, (2011) 7 Journal of International Law and International Relations 1 Google Scholar, at 7.

¹³ S. Nouwen, ‘“Hybrid courts”: The Hybrid Category of a New Type of International Crimes Courts’, (2006) 2 Utrecht Law Review 190, at 213; S. Williams, Hybrid and Internationalized Criminal Tribunals (2012), 204; Higonnet, E., ‘Restructuring Hybrid Courts: Local Empowerment and National Criminal Justice Reform’, (2006) 23 Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law 347 Google Scholar, at 356.

¹⁴ R. Mackenzie et al., Selecting International Judges: Principles, Process and Politics (2010); D. Terris, C. Romano and L. Swigart, The International Judge: An Introduction to the Men and Women Who Decide the World's Cases (2007).

¹⁵ The only significant examination is C. Romano, ‘The Judges and Prosecutors of Internationalized Criminal Courts and Tribunals’, in C. Romano, A. Nollkaemper and J. Kleffner (eds.), Internationalized Criminal Courts: Sierra Leone, East Timor, Kosovo, and Cambodia (2010) 235–70. For a recent effort see Hobbs, H., ‘Hybrid Tribunals and the Composition of the Court: In Search of Sociological Legitimacy’, (2015) 16 Chicago Journal of International Law 482.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Bodansky, D., ‘The Legitimacy of International Governance: A Coming Challenge for International Environmental Law?’, (1999) 93 AJIL 596, at 600 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also T. Franck, The Power of Legitimacy Among Nations (1990), 16.

¹⁷ See, for example, the ECCC: Khmer Rouge Trials, GA Res 57/228, UN GAOR 57^th session, Agenda item 109(b), UN Doc. A/57/806 (22 May 2003); Law on the Establishment of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for the Prosecution of Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Kampuchea, NS/RKM/1004/006 (27 October 2004).

¹⁸ Bodansky, supra note 16, at 601. See further M. Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (1964), 382.

¹⁹ Shany, Y., ‘How can International Criminal Courts Have a Greater Impact on National Criminal Proceedings?’, (2013) 46 Israel Law Review 431 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 449–50.

²⁰ Grossman, N., ‘Sex Representation on the Bench and the Legitimacy of International Criminal Courts’, (2011) 11 ICLR 643, 644 Google Scholar

²¹ Cf. Markovic, M., ‘International Criminal Trials and the Disqualification of Judges on the Basis of their Nationality’, (2014) 13 Washington University Global Studies Law Review 1 Google Scholar.

²² Bruch, E., ‘Hybrid Courts: Examining Hybridity Through a Post-Colonial Lens’, (2010) 28 Boston University International Law Journal 1 Google Scholar, at 36; Hobbs, supra note 15, at 482, 513–20.

²³ Mackenzie et al., supra note 14, at 24–5.

²⁴ And has been in the Central African Republic Special Criminal Court, which is composed of 27 judges, 14 national and 13 international.

²⁵ Montreal Universal Declaration on the Independence of Justice, Art. 2.13.

²⁶ It has been expressly reaffirmed in The Burgh House Principles on the Independence of the International Judiciary, Art. 2.2 (2005), and the Mt Scopus International Standards on Judicial Independence, Art. 2.15 (2008). For implicit endorsement on the basis of non-discrimination in judicial appointment see: United Nations, Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, UN Doc. A/CONF.121/22/Rev.1 (1985), Art. 10.

²⁷ 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 2187 UNTS 90, Art. 36(8).

²⁸ Raz, J., ‘The Rule of Law and its Virtue’, in The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality (1979) 210, 216–17Google Scholar.

²⁹ J. Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1821) Book II, Ch. 7 [90].

³⁰ C. de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (1748) (A. Cohler trans, 1989) Book XI, Ch. 6, at 157; The Federalist Nos. 47, 51 (James Madison), No. 78 (Alexander Hamilton).

³¹ W. Schabas, The UN International Tribunals: The Former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone (2006), 506.

³² For a comprehensive account of the standards see Shetreet, S., ‘The Normative Cycle of Shaping Judicial Independence in Domestic and International Law’, (2009) 10 Chicago Journal of International Law 275 Google Scholar.

³³ H. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (1967), 8–9.

³⁴ International Court of Justice, Rules of the Court (1978) (adopted on 14 April 1978 and entered into force on 1 July 1978), Art. 4(1).

³⁵ High Court of Australia Act 1979 (Cth) s. 11, schedule. Similar oaths exist in every country.

³⁶ Pitkin, supra note 33, at 209. Pitkin defines this as ‘substantive representation’.

³⁷ Ibid., at 60 and 92.

³⁸ Ibid.

³⁹ Ibid., at 60.

⁴⁰ Loth, M., ‘Courts in Quest for Legitimacy: A Comparative Approach’, in Huls, N. et al. (eds.), The Legitimacy of Highest Courts’ Rulings: Judicial Deliberation and Beyond (2009), 267 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴¹ Of course the concept of ‘merit’ in judicial appointment is not uncontroversial: Thornton, M., ‘“Otherness” on the Bench: How Merit is Gendered’, (2007) 29 Sydney Law Review 391 Google Scholar.

⁴² Shetreet, S., ‘Who Will Judge: Reflections on the Judicial Process and Standards of Judicial Selection’, (1987) 61 Australian Law Journal 766 Google Scholar, at 776.

⁴³ Ibid., 776; Shetreet, supra note 32, at 311; MacKenzie et al., supra note 14, at 171.

⁴⁴ E. Rackley, Women, Judging and the Judiciary: From Difference to Diversity (2013), 196.

⁴⁵ The Federalist No. 78 (Alexander Hamilton).

⁴⁶ Prager and Oberschlick v. Austria (1995) 313 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A), para. 34.

⁴⁷ Evans, S. and Williams, J., ‘Appointing Australian Judges: A New Model’, (2008) 30 Sydney Law Review 295 Google Scholar, at 300.

⁴⁸ Shetreet, supra note 32, at 310.

⁴⁹ E. Neumann, The High Court of Australia: A Collective Portrait 1903 to 1972 (1973), 105–6.

⁵⁰ See Shetreet, supra note 32, at 310–11.

⁵¹ On the idea that deliberation between conflicting views is the best means for discovering the truth see: J. Habermas, Communication and the Evolution of Society (1979), 58–60.

⁵² Ifill, S., ‘Racial Diversity on the Bench: Beyond Role Models and Public Confidence’, (2000) 57 Washington & Lee Law Review 405 Google Scholar, at 479.

⁵³ Hamilton, B., ‘Criteria for Judicial Appointment and “Merit”’, (1999) 15 QUT Law and Justice Journal 10 Google Scholar, at 18.

⁵⁴ Wilson, B., ‘Will Women Judges Really Make a Difference?’, (1990) 28 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 507 Google Scholar, at 515.

⁵⁵ Australia: R v. L (1991) 174 CLR 379; England: R v. R [1991] 4 All ER 481.

⁵⁶ See in particular the judgment of Wilson J in R v. Lavallee [1990] 1 S.C.R. 852.

⁵⁷ Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Judgement, Case No. ICTR 96-4-T, T. Ch., 2 September 1998, para. 598.

⁵⁸ Copelon, R. ‘Gender Crimes as War Crimes: Integrating Crimes Against Women into International Criminal Law’, (2001) 46 McGill Law Journal 217 Google Scholar, at 225.

⁵⁹ Mackenzie et al., supra note 14, at 161–5; For statistics see Grossman, N., ‘Sex on the Bench: Do Women Judges Matter to the Legitimacy of International Courts?’, (2012) 12 Chicago Journal of International Law 647 Google Scholar, at 652–4, 678–81.

⁶⁰ Graycar, R., ‘The Gender of Judgments: An Introduction’, in Thornton, M. (ed.), Public and Private: Feminist Legal Debates (1996), 262 Google Scholar, at 268–9.

⁶¹ Shetreet, supra note 32, at 311.

⁶² Note that each judiciary is a creature of institutional context and care should be taken not to engage in unconscious translation. This section aims simply to identify that the principle of fair reflection is accepted in a range of domestic (and supranational) courts.

⁶³ Supreme Court Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. S-26, s 6.

⁶⁴ Reference re Supreme Court Act, ss. 5 and 6 [2014] SCC 21.

⁶⁵ Three are selected from Ontario, two from the Western Provinces, and one from the Atlantic Provinces: Shetreet, supra note 32, at 311.

⁶⁶ Special Act of 6 January 1989 on the Constitutional Court, Arts 31, 33, 34.4.

⁶⁷ V. Comella, Constitutional Courts and Democratic Values: A European Perspective (2009), 45.

⁶⁸ Minister of Finance and Other v. Van Heerden [2004] 6 SA 121 (Constitutional Court) 48 [81] (Mokgoro J); 84 [142] (Sachs J); South African Police Service v. Solidarity obo Barnard [2014] ZACC 23 (2 September 2014) [29] (Moseneke ACJ).

⁶⁹ South African Constitution, s 174(2).

⁷⁰ In 1994 of the 166 Superior Court Judges in South Africa, 161 were white males: See Cowan, R., ‘Women's Representation on the Courts in the Republic of South Africa’, (2006) 6 University of Maryland Journal of Race, Religion, Gender & Class 291 Google Scholar, at 298.

⁷¹ Shetreet, supra note 32, at 311.

⁷² Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Melbourne (28 January 1898) 265 (Patrick Glynn).

⁷³ Ibid., at 266–8.

⁷⁴ Ibid., at 269 (Edmund Barton).

⁷⁵ This unease is most marked in reaction to the ECCC. For concerns raised during the negotiations of the ECCC see United Nations, ‘Report of the Group of Experts for Cambodia Established pursuant to General Assembly Resolution 52/135’, UN Doc. A/53/850-S/1999/231, para. 137 (16 March 1999), available at www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cambodia-1999.html. For concerns raised during the operation of the ECCC see, for example, Ciorciari, J. and Heindel, A., ‘Experiments in International Criminal Justice: Lessons from the Khmer Rouge Tribunal’, (2014) 35 Michigan Journal of International Law 370 Google Scholar.

⁷⁶ Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union, Art. 19(2).

⁷⁷ Mackenzie et al., supra note 14, at 165–6.

⁷⁸ Statute of the International Court of Justice, Art. 31. In fact, it is expressly recognized that ‘States would be much more likely to have confidence in the court. . . if each contending party had a judge on the bench’: Terris, Romano and Swigart, supra note 14, at 151.

⁷⁹ United Nations Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in the Central African Republic, UN Doc. S/2014/562 (2014), para. 2.

⁸⁰ Ibid., para. 17.

⁸¹ United Nations Human Rights Council, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Situation of Human Rights in South Sudan, UN Doc. A/HRC/27/74 (2014), para. 77.

⁸² United Nations Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, UN Doc. S/2014/698 (2014), para. 72.

⁸³ T. Markus Funk, Victims’ Rights and Advocacy at the International Criminal Court (2010), 19.

⁸⁴ Henderson, L., ‘The Wrongs of Victims’ Rights’, (1985) 37 Stanford Law Review 937 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 938–40.

⁸⁵ T. Hobbes, The Leviathan (1688) (Edwin Curley ed., 1994), 190.

⁸⁶ In the classic symbolic ‘standing for’ conception of representation: Pitkin, supra note 33, at 93.

⁸⁷ Duff, R.A., ‘Answering for Crime’, (2006) 106 Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 87 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 94.

⁸⁸ Taylor, T., ‘Large Questions in Eichmann Case’, New York Times, 22 January 1961 Google Scholar, 22.

⁸⁹ On the problematic concept of an inchoate or ‘monolithic international community’ see, for example, Tallgren, I., ‘The Voice of the International: Who is Speaking?’, (2015) 13 JICJ 135Google Scholar. Cf. H. Kelsen, Das Problem der Souveränität und die Theorie des Völkerrechts (1920), 271–4.

⁹⁰ Rome Statute, Preamble para. 2, Art. 17(1)(d).

⁹¹ A. Cassese, International Criminal Law (2^nd edn., 2003), 23.

⁹² Rome Statute, Preamble para. 3. Of course, the ICTY and ICTR were both established under the Chapter VII powers of the UN Security Council: SC Res 827, UN SCOR, 48^th sess, 3217^th mtg, UN Doc. S/RES/827 (1993), as amended by SC Res 1877, UN SCOR, 64^th sess, 6155^th mtg, UN Doc. S/RES/1877 (2009) (ICTY Statute). SC Res 955, UN SCOR, 49^th sess, 3453^rd mtg, UN Doc. S/RES/955 (1994) annex (Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda).

⁹³ Lee, W., ‘International Crimes and Universal Jurisdiction’, in May, L. and Hoskins, Z. (eds.), International Criminal Law and Philosophy (2010) 15 Google Scholar, at 21.

⁹⁴ Luban, D., ‘A Theory of Crimes Against Humanity’, (2004) 29 Yale Journal of International Law 85 Google Scholar, at 138–9.

⁹⁵ Renzo, M., ‘Crimes Against Humanity and the Limits of International Criminal Law’, (2012) 31 Law and Philosophy 443 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 449.

⁹⁶ Rome Statute, Preamble para. 4.

⁹⁷ A. Pellet, ‘Internationalized Courts: Better than Nothing. . .’, in C. Romano, A. Nollkaemper and J. Kleffner (eds.), supra note 15, at 437, 438.

⁹⁸ Sloane, R., ‘The Expressive Capacity of International Punishment’, (2007) 43 Stanford Journal of International Law 39 Google Scholar, at 48.

⁹⁹ Ibid., at 49.

¹⁰⁰ The ‘cornerstone’ of the ICC: S. Williams and W. Schabas, ‘Article 17’, in O. Triffterer (ed.), Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (2^nd ed., 2008), 605, 606.

¹⁰¹ Note that this is how the OTP conceptualizes its role: ICC, Office of the Prosecutor, Paper on Some Policy Issues Before the Office of the Prosecutor (September 2003) 6. However, it is not clear whether the Judges follow this approach as successful admissibility challenges are very rare. For discussion see Stahn, C., ‘Admissibility Challenges before the ICC: From Quasi-Primacy to Qualified Deference?’, in Stahn, C. (ed.), The Law and Practice of the International Criminal Court (2015), 228 Google Scholar, at 231–2.

¹⁰² Sloan, supra note 98, at 48.

¹⁰³ Ibid., at 52–3.

¹⁰⁴ Markovic, supra note 21. Cf. Hobbs, supra note 15, at 482, 507.

¹⁰⁵ Sloan, supra note 98, at 51 note 57; Markovic, supra note 21, at 10 note 48.

¹⁰⁶ As opposed to established under the Chapter VII powers of the United Nations Security Council. Of course the legality of the International Criminal Court is consent-based. Note that in some cases hybrid tribunals are established with limited to no state consent; in relation to Lebanon, see, for example, Mégret, F., ‘A Special Tribunal for Lebanon: The Council and the Emancipation of International Criminal Justice’, (2008) 21 LJIL 485 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰⁷ See, for example, the ECCC: Khmer Rouge Trials, GA Res 57/228, UN GAOR 57^th sess, Agenda item 109(b), UN Doc. A/57/806 (2003); Law on the Establishment of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for the Prosecution of Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Kampuchea, NS/RKM/1004/006 (2004).

¹⁰⁸ Memorandum of Intent between the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic and the Government of the Central African Republic (Unofficial translation) (7 August 2014), para. 4.

¹⁰⁹ Aukerman, M., ‘Extraordinary Evil, Ordinary Crime: A Framework for Understanding Transitional Justice’, (2002) 15 Harvard Human Rights Journal 39 Google Scholar, at 46.

¹¹⁰ Security Council Meeting Record, UN Doc. S/PV.5685 (2007), at 9 (Mr. Mitri, Lebanon).

¹¹¹ Security Council Meeting Record, UN Doc. S/PV.5685 (2007), at 3 (Mr. Kleib, Indonesia).

¹¹² Allard K. Lowenstein International Human Rights Clinic, Yale Law School, ‘Persecution of the Rohingya Muslims: Is Genocide Occurring in Myanmar's Rakhine State?’ (October 2015).

¹¹³ See, for example, the Israeli trial of Adolph Eichmann (1961), the US Court Martial of Lieutenant William Calley (1971) and the French trial of Klaus Barbie (1987).

¹¹⁴ Although my focus is limited to the position of hybrid courts, in principle, this argument could be carried to purely international tribunals, such as the ICC. Of course, as I have stressed, the principle of fair reflection is but one element in the design of criminal courts – it may not be feasible for each and every case before the ICC.

¹¹⁵ Mégret, F., ‘In Defense of Hybridity: Towards a Representational Theory of International Criminal Justice’, (2005) 38 Cornell International Law Journal 725 Google Scholar.

¹¹⁶ Ibid., at 727.

¹¹⁷ Pitkin, supra note 33, at 92–111.

¹¹⁸ S. Langer, Philosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art (3rd edn., 2009), 60–61.

¹¹⁹ W. Tindall, The Literary Symbol (1955), 6.

¹²⁰ Mégret, supra note 115, at 747.

¹²¹ Ibid.

¹²² For a collation of comments to this effect see Higonnet, supra note 13, at 356–7 note 20.

¹²³ Cockayne, J., ‘Hybrids or Mongrels? Internationalized War Crimes Trials as Unsuccessful Degradation Ceremonies’, (2005) 4 Journal of Human Rights 455 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 458.

¹²⁴ ICC, Office of the Prosecutor, Policy Paper on Preliminary Examinations (2015), 15–16, paras 59–66.

¹²⁵ D. Luban et al., International and Transnational Criminal Law (2014), 17.

¹²⁶ Tallgren, I., ‘The Sensibility and Sense of International Criminal Law’, (2002) 13 EJIL 561, at 561 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. I agree with Tallgren that this intuitive approach is not sufficient for grounding international criminal law.

¹²⁷ deGuzman, M., ‘How Serious Are International Crimes? The Gravity Problem in International Criminal Law’, (2012) 51 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 18 Google Scholar.

¹²⁸ Cryer, R., ‘International Criminal Law vs State Sovereignty: Another Round?’, (2005) 16 EJIL 979, at 985 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹²⁹ Evans, G., ‘The Responsibility to Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and for All’, (2009) 20 Irish Studies in International Affairs 7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 7. On ‘us’ see Tallgren, supra note 89.

¹³⁰ Of course, other reasons for international involvement do exist, not least where a state is unwilling or unable to investigate.

¹³¹ The African National Congress National Governing Council predicated its recommendation that South Africa withdraw from the ICC on ‘double standards and selective actions’ and the influence of the permanent members of the Security Council: African National Congress, National Governing Council 2015, supra note 11, Recommendation 2.8.

¹³² Though the situation may be more complex: C. Evans, ‘The Double-Edged Sword: Religious Influences on International Humanitarian Law’, (2005) 6 Melbourne Journal of International Law 1.

¹³³ Advisory Opinion of 8 July 1996, [1996] ICJ Rep. 226.

¹³⁴ Ibid., at 478 (Dissenting Opinion of Judge Weeramantry).

¹³⁵ Bassiouni, M. C., ‘Universal Jurisdiction for International Crimes: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Practice’, (2001) 42 Virginia Journal of International Law 81 Google Scholar, at 88.

¹³⁶ 1994 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1883 UNTS 397, Art. 105.

¹³⁷ See supra note 87 and accompanying text.

¹³⁸ See generally J. Braithwaite, Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation (2002).

¹³⁹ This method was adopted in the War Crimes Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina: See Williams, supra note 13, at 107.

¹⁴⁰ For discussion of ‘ownership’ see Rapoza, P., ‘Hybrid Criminal Trials and the Concept of Ownership: Who Owns the Process’, (2006) 21 American University International Law Review 525 Google Scholar.

¹⁴¹ Though note that the Special Criminal Court will begin with a majority of local judges.

¹⁴² For an analysis of the link between sociological legitimacy and the composition of hybrid courts through detailed examination of existing tribunals see Hobbs, supra note 15, at 482, 498–512.

¹⁴³ Something akin to the ICTY and ICTR completion strategies: SC Res 1503, UN SCOR, 4817^th mtg, UN Doc. S/RES/1503 (2003); SC Res 1534, UN SCOR, 4935^th mtg, UN Doc. S/RES/1534 (2004).

¹⁴⁴ Shany, Y., ‘Seeking Domestic Help: The Role of Domestic Criminal Law in Legitimizing the Work of International Criminal Tribunals’, (2013) 11 JICJ 5, at 8 Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁵ G. Schwarzenberger, International Law as applied by International Courts and Tribunals (1949) Vol. II, 462–6; Gordon, G., ‘The Trial of Peter von Hagenbach: Reconciling History, Historiography and International Criminal Law’, in Heller, K. and Simpson, G. (eds.), The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials (2013), 13–49 Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁶ Schwarzenberger, supra note 145, at 463.

¹⁴⁷ P. Hazan, La justice face à la guerre, De Nuremberg à La Haye (2007).