Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T13:04:21.014Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

HART'S EXPRESSIVISM AND HIS BENTHAMITE PROJECT

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 September 2005

Kevin Toh
Kevin Toh
Affiliation:
Department of Philosophy, Indiana University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In a 1973 article, H.L.A. Hart says the following about Jeremy Bentham's achievements in the philosophy of law: Bentham was certainly not the first to define law as a command: Hobbes, for example, had anticipated him in that, and even the despised Blackstone's definition of municipal law was in terms of command. But Bentham differed from Hobbes and, as far as I know, from all previous social theorists in insisting that we must not so define our terms in legal or political theory as to make the practical conclusions which we favour follow from them. Such definitions have been aptly called ‘persuasive definitions’ and among Bentham's many claims to be an innovator none is better founded nor, I think, more important than his insistence on a precise and so far as possible a morally neutral vocabulary for use in the discussion of law and politics. This insistence, though it may seem a merely linguistic matter, was the very centre, and I would say the sane and healthy centre, of the legal positivism of which Bentham may be regarded as the founder. It accounts for many important themes in his general theory including the form of his own definition of law. The terms that Bentham uses to define law are all flatly descriptive and normatively neutral. (1973, 28)

Type
ARTICLES
Information
Legal Theory , Volume 11 , Issue 2 , June 2005 , pp. 75 - 123
Copyright
© 2005 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

For very helpful written comments on and/or significant conversations about earlier drafts, I am grateful to Larry Alexander, Jules Coleman, John Devlin, Strefan Fauble, Allan Gibbard, Les Green, Michael Green, Don Herzog, Matt Kramer, Brian Leiter, Michael Moore, Gerhard Nuffer, Peter Railton, Connie Rosati, Larry Sager, Michael Sevel, Nishi Shah, Scott Shapiro, and especially Steve Darwall, David Hills, and David Velleman. The paper also benefited much from friendly and probing questions from audience members on two occasions: the first, at the Law and Philosophy Colloquium at the University of Texas Law School in Austin, October 2004; and the second, at the 10th Annual Analytic Legal Philosophy Conference, April 2005, again in Austin. I thank Brian Leiter and the steering committee of ALPC, respectively, for these invitations. Too many people helped on the second occasion for me to list all of their names, but I should single out Les Green, who provided very generous and helpful commentary at the session on my paper. I am afraid that I have been unable or, on some matters, too stubborn to benefit from many of the kind comments and advice.

References

Austin J.L. 1946 “Other Minds,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 20 (Supp.). Reprinted in Austin, Philosophical Papers, 3rd ed., ed. by J.O. Urmson and G.J. Warnock. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1961/1979).
Austin J.L. 1956–1957 “A Plea for Excuses,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 57. Reprinted in Austin, Philosophical Papers, 3rd ed., ed. by J.O. Urmson and G.J. Warnock. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1961/1979).
Austin J.L. 1961/1979 Philosophical Papers, 3rd ed., ed. by J.O. Urmson and G.J. Warnock. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Austin J.L. 1962/1975 How to Do Things with Words, 2nd ed., ed. by J.O. Urmson and Marina Sbisà. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ayer A.J. 1935/1946 Language, Truth and Logic, 2nd ed. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
Ayer A.J. 1949 “On the Analysis of Moral Judgements,” Horizon, 20. Reprinted in Ayer, Philosophical Essays. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd. (1963).
Ayer A.J. 1984 “Freedom and Morality,” in Ayer, Freedom and Morality and Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bach Kent 1998 “Performatives,” in Edward Craig, ed., Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 7. London & New York: Routledge.
Baker G.P. 1977 “Defeasibility and Meaning,” in P.M.S. Hacker and Joseph Raz, eds., Law, Morality, and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bentham Jeremy 1970 Of Laws in General, ed. by H.L.A. Hart. London: The Athlone Press.
Blackburn Simon 1984 Spreading the Word. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Blackburn Simon 1988 “Attitudes and Contents,” Ethics, 98. Reprinted in Blackburn, Essays in Quasi-Realism. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1993).
Blackburn Simon 1992a “Gibbard on Normative Logic,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 52.Google Scholar
Blackburn Simon 1992b “Through Thick and Thin,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 66 (Supp.).Google Scholar
Blackburn Simon 1993 Essays in Quasi-Realism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Broad C.D. 1951 “Hägerström's Account of Sense of Duty and Certain Allied Experiences,” Philosophy, 26.Google Scholar
Bulygin Eugenio 1981 “Enunciados Juridicos y Positivismo: Repuesta a Raz,” Análisis filosófico, 1. Reprinted in Carlos E. Alchourrón and Bulygin, Análisis Lógico y Derecho. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Constitucionales (1991).
Bulygin Eugenio, 1982 “Norms, Normative Propositions, and Legal Statements,” in Guttorm Fløistad, ed., Contemporary Philosophy: A New Survey, vol. 3. The Hague & Boston: M. Nijhoff.
Bulygin Eugenio, 1999 “Existence of Norms,” in Georg Meggle, ed., Actions, Norms, Values. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Carnap Rudolf 1935 Philosophy and Logical Syntax. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd.
Carnap Rudolf, 1963 “Intellectual Autobiography,” in Paul Arthur Schilpp, ed., The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
Coleman Jules 2001a The Practice of Principle. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Coleman Jules, ed. 2001b Hart's Postscript. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Coleman Jules, and Brian Leiter 1996 “Legal Positivism,” in Dennis Patterson, ed., A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Darwall Stephen 1983 Impartial Reason. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Darwall Stephen, 1996 “Reasons, Motives, and the Demands of Morality: An Introduction,” in Darwall Allan Gibbard, and Peter Railton, eds., Moral Discourse and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Darwall Stephen, Allan Gibbard, and Peter Railton. 1992 “Toward Fin de Siécle Ethics: Some Trends,” Philosophical Review, 101.Google Scholar
Dreier James 1999 “Transforming Expressivism,” Noûs, 33.Google Scholar
Dworkin Ronald 1967 “The Model of Rules,” University of Chicago Law Review, 35. Reprinted as “The Model of Rules I” in Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (1977).
Dworkin Ronald, 1972 “Social Rules and Legal Theory,” Yale Law Journal, 81. Reprinted as “The Model of Rules II” in Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (1977).
Dworkin Ronald, 1975 “Hard Cases,” Harvard Law Review, 88. Reprinted in Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (1977).
Dworkin Ronald, 1977 Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Dworkin Ronald, 1986 Law's Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Dworkin Ronald, 1994 “Hart's Posthumous Reply” (unpublished paper).
Dworkin Ronald, 1996 “Objectivity and Truth: You'd Better Believe It,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 25.Google Scholar
Falk W.D. 1947–1948 “‘Ought’ and Motivation,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 48. Reprinted in Falk, Ought, Reasons, and Morality. Ithaca: Cornell University Press (1986).
Frankena William 1958 “Obligation and Motivation in Recent Moral Philosophy,” in A.I. Melden, ed., Essays in Moral Philosophy. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Gallie W.B. 1956a “Essentially Contested Concepts,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 56.Google Scholar
Gallie W.B., 1956b “Art as an Essentially Contested Concept,” Philosophical Quarterly, 6.Google Scholar
Geach P.T. 1960 “Ascriptivism,” Philosophical Review, 69. Reprinted in Geach, Logic Matters. Oxford: Basil Blackwell (1972).
Geach P.T., 1965 “Assertion,” Philosophical Review, 74. Reprinted in Geach, Logic Matters. Oxford: Basil Blackwell (1972).
Geach P.T., 1972 Logic Matters. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Gibbard Allan 1986 “An Expressivistic Theory of Normative Discourse,” Ethics, 96.Google Scholar
Gibbard Allan, 1990 Wise Choices, Apt Feelings. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gibbard Allan, 1992a “Reply to Blackburn, Carson, Hill, and Railton,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 52.Google Scholar
Gibbard Allan, 1992b “Thick Concepts and Warrant for Feelings,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 66 (Supp).Google Scholar
Gibbard Allan, 1994 “Meaning and Normativity,” Philosophical Issues, 5.Google Scholar
Gibbard Allan, 2002 “Normative and Recognitional Concepts,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 64.Google Scholar
Gibbard Allan, 2003 Thinking How to Live. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ginet Carl 1992 “The Dispositionalist Solution to Wittgenstein's Problem about Understanding a Rule: Answering Kripke's Objections,” Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 17.Google Scholar
Hacker P.M.S. 1996 Wittgenstein's Place in Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Hägerström Axel 1911 “Om moraliska föreställningars sanning.” Stockholm: Bonnier. Translated as “On the Truth of Moral Propositions” in Hägerström, Philosophy and Religion, ed. by H.D. Lewis, trans. by Robert T. Sandin. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. (1964).
Haldane John, and Crispin Wright, eds. 1993 Reality, Representation and Projection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hale Bob 1993 “Can There Be a Logic of Attitudes?” in John Haldane and Crispin Wright, eds., Reality, Representation and Projection. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1993).
Hare R.M. 1952 The Language of Morals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hare R.M. 1963 Freedom and Reason. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hare R.M., 1968 Review of G.J. Warnock, Contemporary Moral Philosophy, Mind, 77.
Hare R.M., 1981 Moral Thinking. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hare R.M., 1995 “Off on the Wrong Foot,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 21 (Supp.). Reprinted as “Philippa Foot on Subjectivism” in Hare, Objective Prescriptions and Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1999).
Hare R.M., 1996 “A New Kind of Ethical Naturalism?” Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 20. Reprinted in Hare, Objective Prescriptions and Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1999).
Hare R.M., 1999 Objective Prescriptions and Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hart H.L.A. 1948–1949 “The Ascription of Responsibility and Rights,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 49.Google Scholar
Hart H.L.A., 1953a “Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence,” Law Quarterly Review, 70. Reprinted in Hart, Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1983).
Hart H.L.A., 1953b “Philosophy of Law and Jurisprudence in Britain (1945–1952),” American Journal of Comparative Law, 2.Google Scholar
Hart H.L.A., 1955 Review of Axel Hägerström, Inquiries into the Nature of Law and Morals, Philosophy, 30.
Hart H.L.A., 1958a “Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals,” Harvard Law Review, 71. Reprinted in Hart, Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1983).
Hart H.L.A., 1958b “Legal and Moral Obligation,” in A.I. Melden, ed., Essays in Moral Philosophy. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Hart H.L.A., 1959 “Scandinavian Realism,” Cambridge Law Journal, 17. Reprinted in Hart, Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1983).
Hart H.L.A., 1961/1994 The Concept of Law, 2nd ed., ed. by Penelope A. Bulloch and Joseph Raz. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hart H.L.A., 1962/1982 “Bentham,” Proceedings of the British Academy, 48 (1962). Revised and reprinted as “Introduction” in Hart, Essays on Bentham. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1982).
Hart H.L.A., 1963 “Kelsen Visited,” UCLA Law Review, 10. Reprinted in Hart, Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1983).
Hart H.L.A., 1966/1982 “Il concetto di obbligo,” Rivista di Filosofia, 57. Translated, revised and, reprinted as “Legal Duty and Obligation” in Hart, Essays on Bentham. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1982).
Hart H.L.A., 1967 “Problems of the Philosophy of Law,” in Paul Edwards, ed., Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 6. New York: Macmillan, Inc. Reprinted in Hart, Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1983).
Hart H.L.A., 1968a Punishment and Responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hart H.L.A., 1968b “Kelsen's Doctrine of the Unity of Law,” in Howard E. Kiefer and Milton K. Munitz, eds., Ethics and Social Justice. Albany: State University of New York Press. Reprinted in Hart, Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1983).
Hart H.L.A., 1970 “Jhering's Heaven of Concepts and Modern Analytical Jurisprudence,” in Franz Wieacker and Christian Wollschläger, eds., Jherings Erbe, Göttinger Symposion zur 150. Wiederkehr des Geburtstags von Rudolf von Jhering. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Reprinted in Hart, Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1983).
Hart H.L.A., 1971/1982 “Bentham's Of Laws in General,” Rechtstheorie, 2 (1971). Revised and reprinted in Hart, Essays on Bentham. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1982).
Hart H.L.A., 1973 “Bentham and the Demystification of the Law,” Modern Law Review, 36. Reprinted as “The Demystification of the Law” in Hart, Essays on Bentham. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1982).
Hart H.L.A., 1978 “Morality and Reality,” New York Review of Books, 25.Google Scholar
Hart H.L.A., 1982a Essays on Bentham. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hart H.L.A., 1982b “Commands and Authoritative Reasons,” in Hart, Essays on Bentham. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hart H.L.A., 1983a Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hart H.L.A., 1983b “Introduction,” in Hart, Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hart H.L.A., 1994 “Postscript,” in Hart, The Concept of Law, 2nd ed., ed. by Penelope A. Bulloch and Joseph Raz. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hedenius Ingemar 1941 Om rätt och moral. Stockholm: Tidens.
Hedenius Ingemar 1963 “Performatives,” Theoria, 29.Google Scholar
Hedenius Ingemar, Per Ericson, Harald Ofstad, et al. 1961 “Axiological Nihilism: Some Theses,” trans. by Bent Nordhjem, Inquiry, 4.
Honderich Ted 1989 “An Interview with A.J. Ayer,” in A. Phillips Griffiths, ed., A.J. Ayer: Memorial Essays. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (1991).
Kelsen Hans 1949 “The Natural-Law Doctrine before the Tribunal of Science,” The Western Political Quarterly, 2. Reprinted in Kelsen, What Is Justice? Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press (1957).
Korsgaard Christine M. 1996 The Sources of Normativity, ed. by Onora O'Neill. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Korsgaard Christine M., 2003 “Realism and Constructivism in Twentieth-Century Moral Philosophy,” Journal of Philosophical Research (APA Centennial Supplement).Google Scholar
Kripke Saul 1982 Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
MacCormick Neil 1992 “H.L.A. Hart,” The Guardian, December 23.
Mackie J.L. 1977 Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
McGinn Colin 1980 “Truth and Use,” in Mark Platts, ed., Reference, Truth and Reality. London: Routledge Kegan & Paul Ltd.
Melden A.I. ed. 1958 Essays in Moral Philosophy. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Moore G.E. 1903/1993 Principia Ethica, 2nd ed., ed. by Thomas Baldwin. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Ogden C.K., and I.A. Richards 1923/1949 The Meaning of Meaning, 10th ed. London: Routledge Kegan & Paul Ltd.
Olson Raymond E., and Anthony M. Paul, eds. 1972 Contemporary Philosophy in Scandinavia. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
Passmore John 1961 “Hägerström's Philosophy of Law,” Philosophy, 36.Google Scholar
Postema Gerald J. 1982 “Coordination and Convention at the Foundations of Law,” Journal of Legal Studies, 11.Google Scholar
Quinn Warren 1993 “Putting Rationality in Its Place,” in R.G. Frey and Christopher W. Morris, ed., Value, Welfare, and Morality. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (1993). Reprinted in Quinn, Morality and Action. Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Press.
Railton Peter 1989 “Naturalism and Prescriptivity,” Social Philosophy and Policy, 7.Google Scholar
Railton Peter, 1992 “Nonfactualism about Normative Discourse,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 52.Google Scholar
Railton Peter, 1993 “What the Non-Cognitivist Helps Us to See the Naturalist Must Help Us to Explain,” in John Haldane and Crispin Wright, eds., Reality, Representation and Projection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Raz Joseph 1975/1990 Practical Reason and Norms, 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Raz Joseph, 1981 “The Purity of the Pure Theory,” Revue International de Philosophie, 35.Google Scholar
Raz Joseph, 1984 “Hart on Moral Rights and Legal Duties,” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 4.Google Scholar
Raz Joseph, 1993 “H.L.A. Hart (1907–1992),” Utilitas, 5.Google Scholar
Raz Joseph, 1998 “Two Views of the Nature of the Theory of Law: A Partial Comparison,” Legal Theory, 4. Reprinted in Jules Coleman, ed., Hart's Postscript. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2001b).
Ross Alf 1961 “Validity and the Conflict Between Legal Positivism and Natural Law,” Revista Juridica de Buenos Aires, 4.Google Scholar
Ross Alf, 1962 Review of Hart, The Concept of Law, Yale Law Journal, 71.
Ross Alf, 1972 “The Rise and Fall of the Doctrine of Performatives,” in Raymond E. Olson and Anthony M. Paul, eds., Contemporary Philosophy in Scandinavia. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
Rumfitt Ian 1998 “Presupposition,” in Edward Craig, ed., Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 7. London & New York: Routledge.
Russell Bertrand 1944 “Reply to Criticisms,” in Paul Arthur Schilpp, ed., The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
Ryle Gilbert 1946 “Knowing How and Knowing That,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 46. Reprinted in Ryle, Collected Papers, vol. 2. London: Hutchinson & Co. Ltd. (1971).
Ryle Gilbert, 1949 The Concept of Mind. London: Hutchinson & Co. Ltd.
Schneewind J.B. 1994 “Locke's Moral Philosophy,” in Vere Chappell, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Locke. Cambride, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Searle John R. 1962 “Meaning and Speech Acts,” Philosophical Review, 71.Google Scholar
Searle John R., 1969 Speech Acts. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Shapiro Scott J. 2002 “Law, Plans, and Practical Reason,” Legal Theory, 8.Google Scholar
Skorupski John 1997 “Meaning, Use, Verification,” in Bob Hale and Crispin Wright, eds., A Companion to the Philosophy of Language. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Smith Michael 1994 The Moral Problem. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.
Soames Scott 1989 “Presupposition,” in Dov M. Gabbay and Franz Guenthner, eds., Handbook of Philosophical Logic, vol. 4. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
Southern Pacific v. Jensen, 244 U.S. 205 (1917).
Stalnaker Robert 1973 “Presuppositions,” Journal of Philosophical Logic, 2.Google Scholar
Stalnaker Robert, 1974 “Pragmatic Presuppositions,” in Milton K. Munitz and Peter Unger, eds., Semantics and Philosophy. New York: New York University Press. Reprinted in Stalnaker, Context and Content (1999).
Stavropoulos Nicos 1996 Objectivity in Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stavropoulos Nicos, 2001 “Hart's Semantics,” in Jules Coleman, ed., Hart's Postscript. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2001b).
Stevenson C.L. 1937 “The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms,” Mind, 46. Reprinted in Stevenson, Facts and Values. New Haven: Yale University Press (1963).
Stevenson C.L., 1944 Ethics and Language. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Stevenson C.L., 1948 “The Nature of Ethical Disagreement,” Sigma, 48. Reprinted in Stevenson, Facts and Values. New Haven: Yale University Press (1963).
Stevenson C.L., 1962 “Relativism and Nonrelativism in the Theory of Value,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association (1961–62). Reprinted in Stevenson, Facts and Values. New Haven: Yale University Press (1963).
Stevenson C.L., 1963a Facts and Values. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Stevenson C.L., 1963b “Retrospective Comments,” in Stevenson, Facts and Values. New Haven: Yale University Press (1963).
Strawson P.F. 1950 “On Referring,” Mind, 59. Reprinted in Strawson, Logico-Linguistic Papers. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. (1971).
Strawson P.F. 1952 Introduction to Logical Theory. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
Thomson Judith Jarvis 1996 “Response to Harman,” in Gilbert Harman and Thomson, Moral Relativism and Moral Objectivity. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Toh Kevin 2003 “Essays on Normativity and Describability of Law.” Ph.D. dissertation.
Toh Kevin, 2005 “Objectivity and Plural Acceptance of Norms” (under review).
von Wright Georg Henrik 1951 “Deontic Logic,” Mind, 60. Reprinted in von Wright, Logical Studies. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. (1957).
von Wright Georg Henrik, 1985 “A Pilgrim's Progress,” Philosophes Critiques d'eux-mêmes, 12. Reprinted in von Wright, The Tree of Knowledge and Other Essays. Leiden: E.J. Brill (1993).
Waismann Friedrich 1945 “Verifiability,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 19. Reprinted in Waismann, How I See Philosophy, ed. by Rom Harré. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd. (1968).
Waismann Friedrich, 1956 “How I See Philosophy,” in H.D. Lewis, ed., Contemporary British Philosophy, 3rd Series. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. Reprinted in Waismann, How I See Philosophy, ed. by Rom Harré. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd. (1968).
Waismann Friedrich, 1965/1997 The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy, 2nd ed., ed. by Rom Harré. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.
Waismann Friedrich, 1968 How I See Philosophy, ed. by Rom Harré. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd.
Waluchow W.J. 1994 Inclusive Legal Positivism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wedberg Anders 1951 “Logical Analysis of Legal Science,” Theoria, 17. Reprinted in Raymond E. Olson and Anthony M. Paul, eds., Contemporary Philosophy in Scandinavia. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press (1972).
Williams Glanville 1946 “Language and the Law—V,” Law Quarterly Review, 62.Google Scholar