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11. Armed with his name and year of death, Forster's will was accessed in person at the Probate Registry in London (and a copy provided at a cost of £5) within less than an hour.

12. See Anne Oldfield's will inLafler, J ‘The will of Katherine Maynwaring: an autobiographical reading’ (1997) 20 Biography 156 at 158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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14. See Frank's discussion of the wills of Charles Dickens and George Eliot, above n 4, pp 56 and 58.

15. See eg the letter in Re Kauffmann's Will (1965) discussed bySherman, JG ‘Undue influence and the homosexual testator’ (1981) 42 U Pitt L Rev 225 at 239–246.Google Scholar

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17. Frank, above, n 4, p 55.

18. Lafler, above, n 12, p 158.

19. Forster, EM Marianne Thornton: A Domestic Biography, 1797–1887 (London: Harcourt Brace, 1956) p 289.Google Scholar King, F argues that his early financial independence had a negative consequence on his writing in EM Forster (London: Thames & Hudson, 1978) p 30.Google Scholar

20. Furbank, PN EM Forster: A Life (London, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977) pp 202 and 290.Google Scholar

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22. Ibid, p 285.

23. His last novel, A Passage to India, was published in 1926.

24. SeeCretney, S ‘Reform of intestacy: the best we can do?’ (1995) 111 Law Quarterly Review 77.Google Scholar

25. Neither the Legitimacy Act 1926 nor the Legitimacy Act 1959 provided for inheritance rights.

26. Martin, RK ‘“It must have been the umbrella”: Forster's queer begetting’ inMartin, RK andPiggford, G (eds) Queer Forster (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1997) p 271.Google Scholar

27. Law Commission, above n 8.

28. Baines, BK Ethical Wills: Putting Your Values on Paper (London: Di Capo Press, 2nd edn, 2006);Google Scholar Hacker, above n 16.

29. Forster, EM, Howards End (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2000 [1st edn, London: Edward Arnold, 1910]) p 80.Google Scholar

30. Ibid, ch XV, pp 107–110.

31. Parkinson, RN ‘The inheritors, or a single ticket for Howards End’ inDas, GK andBeer, J (eds) EM Forster: A Human Exploration (New York: New York University Press, 1979) pp 55–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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33. Ibid, pp 291–292. See Frank, above n 4, p 210.

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36. This refers to any will that fails to follow a traditional genealogical approach. See Horton, above n 16.

37. Halberstam, J In a Queer Time and Place (New York: New York University Press, 2005) p 6.Google Scholar

38. See Blumenthal, above n 6, and Monk, D ‘Sexuality and succession law: beyond formal equality’ (2011) 19 Feminist Legal Studies 231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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43. Such clauses were, however, not unusual and Millgate suggests that ‘features which caused raised eyebrows in London … may in Dorsetshire have been adopted almost automatically as standard practice’. Ibid, pp 154–155. A similar clause is central to George Eliot's Middlemarch (1874). See Monk, above n 38.

44. Sunday Express, 26 February 1928, p 12.

45. Evening Standard, 14 April 2007. See also ‘Gay lover of dead flamboyant Tv presenter loses legal battle over property portfolio’ Daily Telegraph 10 August 2011.

46. In re Anonymous 75 Misc. 2d 133, 347 NYS 2d 263 (Sur Ct 1973). See Sherman, above n 15. A potential will dispute resulting in an involuntary ‘outing’ is also key to the plot in Stephen Benetar's novel The Man on the Bridge set in the 1950s (London: Harvester Press, 1981; London: Welbeck Modern Classics, 2009, p 174).

47. Millgate, above n 42, p 108.

48. Forster, EM Aspects of the Novel (London: Edward Arnold, 1960 [1st end, London: Edward Arnold, 1927]) p 147.Google Scholar See alsoForster, EM, ‘Terminal note’ to Maurice written in September 1960 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983 [1st edn, London: Edward Arnold, 1971]) p 220 andGoogle Scholar Haralson, E ‘“Thinking about homosex” in Forster and James’ in Martin, and Piggford, , above n 26, p 59.Google Scholar

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50. This is the case not simply in relation to himself but others too – for example in his capacity as executor and biographer of Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson and as a frequent writer of obituaries. SeeBristow, J ‘Fratrum societati: Forster's apostolic dedications’ in Martin, and Piggford, , above n 26, p 132.Google Scholar

51. Wilkinson, LP states that ‘he did not even make a will until he was well into his eighties’ in ‘The later years’ inStape, JH (ed) EM Forster: Interviews and Recollections (London: Macmillan, 1993) p 177. But Stape notes that in 1925 Forster decided to cut Siegfried Sassoon from his will and appoint JR Ackerley and Florence Berger as co-literary executors.Google Scholar Stape, above n 41, p 89. Moreover,King, refers to Ackerley receiving £500 (EM Forster (London: Thames & Hudson, 1978) p 104), whereas the will refers to £100 and Moffat (above n 9, p 322) refers to a gift to Massoud's children who are not in the will. To add to the confusion, Forster refers to arrangements in his will in a letter to Christopher Isherwood dated 15 October 1952.Google Scholar Zeikowitz, RE Letters between Forster and Isherwood on Homosexuality and Literature (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) pp 152–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

52. Furbank, above n 20, p 318.

53. Sneddon, KJ ‘A rhetorical analysis of the genre of wills’ (2011) 29 Quinnipiac Law Review 665.Google Scholar

54. Evidence of this is a deposit to the National Archives made by the firm in 1979 of extensive papers relating to the Thorntons, the maternal family of Forster's father: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=088-iv104%26cid=0#0

55. Establishing ‘current worth’ is complex. These figures are based on calculators provided at http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency/ and http://www.measuringworth.com

56. King notes that Forster would write out a cheque to a friend ‘in order that he should do what was best for himself, not what pleased him most’.King, , above n 19, p 106.Google Scholar See alsoMunby, Anl ‘Forster's library’ in Stape, , above n 51, pp 155–156.Google Scholar

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60. But note that Wilkinson suggests that because the beneficiary of the life interest in the residue died soon after Forster, resulting in double death duties, his will (the contents of which he does not refer to), ‘from a lawyer's point of view was not a satisfactory one’.Wilkinson, , above n 51, p 177.Google Scholar

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62. SeeMartin, RE andPiggford, G ‘Introduction’ in Martin, and Piggford, , above n 26;Google Scholar Singh, A ‘Reorienting Forster: intimacy and Islamic space’ (2007) 49 Criticism 35;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Reed, C ‘The mouse that roared: creating a queer Forster’ in Martin, and Piggford, , above n 26, pp 75–88.Google Scholar

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64. On the ‘haunting’ power of a figure from the past, seeGordon, AF Ghostly Matters: Haunting and the Sociological Imagination (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).Google Scholar

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66. Furbank, above n 20, p 202.

67. Ibid, p 199.

68. Ibid, p 200.

69. Ibid, pp 200–204 and 264–268.

70. SeeEllen, EW ‘Em Forster's Greenwood’ (1976) 5 Journal of Modern Literature 89;Google Scholar Nadel, IB ‘Moments in the Greenwood: Maurice in context’ inBradshaw, D (ed) The Cambridge Companion to EM Forster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007) pp 177–190.Google Scholar

71. Grant, K ‘Maurice as fantasy’, in Bradshaw, , above n 70, p 202.Google Scholar

72. Finch, above n 41, p 5. On how films of his novels have reinforced this view, see Hutchings, PJ ‘A disconnected view: Forster, modernity and film’ in Tambling, , above n 34, p 229.Google Scholar

73. Finch, above n 41, p 207.

74. Ibid, p 208

75. Ibid, p 127.

76. Abinger Roughs: Piney Copse, Acquisitions up to December 2011, National Trust, p 42.

77. Furbank, n 20 above, p 202.

78. See Furbank on the ‘sorting and reading and giving away and sending to jumble sales’ necessitated by the move. Ibid, p 266.

79. Finch, n 41 above, p 303. Symbolically his rooms had been those of Nathaniel Webb, an influential teacher of his. Stone, W The Cave and the Mountain: A Study of EM Forster (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966) pp 67–71.Google Scholar

80. Bristow, above n 50; Finch, above n 41, p 302; Moffat, above n 9, pp 52–56.

81. Bristow, above n 50, p 115.

82. Finch, above n 41, p 402.

83. Forster, EM, Commonplace Book (1929, pp 49–50), quoted inGoogle Scholar Bristow, above n 50, p 119.

84. Bristow, n 50 above, p 119.

85. Forster, EM Arctic Summer (London: Hesperus Press, published posthumously 2003) p 132, quoted inGoogle Scholar Bristow, above n 50, p 126. In the Terminal Note to Maurice, Forster states explicitly that ‘Clive is Cambridge’ (September 1960, p 218).

86. For example,Scott, Pjm comments that: ‘EM Forster's life makes dreary reading … walled by his sexual inversion into an existence of much loneliness and misery [he] spent most of his 1911/2 years basically marking time’. EM Forster: Our Permanent Contemporary (London: Vision Press, 1984) p 9.Google Scholar

87. By way of contrast, his lifetime gift to the Homosexual Law Reform Society remained hidden from the public. Wilkinson, above n 51, p 177.

88. King, above n 19, p 93.

89. Finch, above n 41, p 402.

90. Ibid.

91. Furbank, above n 20, p 295. For a discussion of the theme of friendship in his novels, see Bharucha R ‘Forster's friends’ in Tambling, above n 34, p 115.

92. Stone, above n 79, p 61.

93. Moffat, above n 9, p 201.

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99. Bray, Alan's towering study similarly identifies wills for this purpose, as well as revealing other public ways in which this has been achieved: The Friend (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003) pp 111, 114–115 and 281.Google Scholar

100. See Zeikowitz, above n 51, pp 152–153, for a letter that reveals a private arrangement between Forster, Isherwood and Sprott concerning the income from the US royalties for Maurice.SeeBray (above n 99, p 114) on the traditional connection between ‘Sworn Brothers’ and executors.

101. Moffat, above n 9, p 317

102. Ibid, p 319. About Furbank,Finch (above n 41, p 303) observes: ‘A Kingsman and Apostle, his narrative is one of an insider.’

103. Forster, above n 21, p 52.

104. See eg Lodge D ‘Introduction’, ibid, pp xviii.

105. See Taylor Y (ed) Special issue on ‘Sexuality and Class’ (2011) 14 Sexualities.

106. For an analysis of the way law is complicit in the silencing of class in the context of education, seeMonk, D ‘Parental responsibility and education: taking the long view’ inProbert, R,Herring, J andGilmour, S (eds) Parental Responsibility (Oxford: Hart, 2009) pp 143–164.Google Scholar

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108. Moffatt, above n 9, p 217. See also Stape, above n 41, p 88, for a reference to their meeting in 1924.

109. Moffat, above n 9, p 302.

110. Ibid, p 208.

111. Ibid, p 201.

112. Ibid, p 209.

113. Kermode, F Concerning EM Forster (London: Phoenix, 2010) p 114.Google Scholar

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119. Beauman, N Morgan: A Biography of EM Forster (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1993) pp 356–357.Google Scholar

120. Ibid, p viii.

121. Moffat, above n 9, pp 297–299.

122. Ibid, p 322.

123. A town called Halstead exists just over ten miles from Cambridge.

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131. Light, above n 124, p 313.

132. Glasgow Herald 17 February 1954. He bequeathed £500 each to his cook and housemaid.

133. ‘Why did this decadent peer leave his millions to his manservant?’ Daily Mail 20 June 2011.

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136. See family trees in Beauman, above n 119, and Furbank, above n 20.

137. Beauman, above n 119, p 351.

138. Moffat, above n 9, p 322.

139. Ibid, p 238.

140. Ibid.

141. Furbank notes that he gave them £10,000 in 1964 and after his godson's death in 1962 paid a monthly allowance to his widow. Furbank, above n 20, p 316.

142. Martin, above n 26, at 255.

143. Ibid, at 273.

144. Forster also gave his godson the antique nursery table of his great aunt Marianne Thornton; according toBuckingham, May: ‘The continuity pleased him however vague it may seem to others.’Das, G K andBeer, J EM Forster: A Human Exploration: Centenary Essays (London: Macmillan, 1979) p 183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

145. Moffat, above n 9, pp 44, 65 and 115.

146. Martin, above n 26, at 264.

147. Bristow, above n 50.

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153. Letter to Malcom Darling 12 August 1910, inLago, MM andFurbank, PN (eds) Letters of EM Forster Vol 1 (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1984) pp 110–111. Forster declined to take on the role, partly as an atheist, but also because of the ‘emptiness of my own experience’ with his own ‘official god parents’.Google Scholar Ibid, p 114.

154. Counter, above n 4. See alsoCleere, E Avuncularism: Capitalism, Patriarchy and Nineteenth Century English Culture (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004) p 21.Google Scholar

155. Counter, above n 4, p 102.

156. ‘Em Forster bequest to King's ’ The Times 10 November 1970 at 1.

157. His obituary in The Times, written by William Plomer and published four months earlier, makes no mention of it, despite the fact that its existence was well known to him.

158. Including his posthumously published collection of short stories (The Life to Come and Other Stories, 1972).

159. This reading is lent weight by the inclusion of the Terminal Note written in 1960 and reinforced by his portrait or handwriting sometimes being used for the cover. See eg the London Penguin edition of 1972.

160. Scott, above n 86, p 135. Similarly,Gillie, C describes it as ‘not worth publication … a personal release’ in A Preface to Forster (Harlow: Longman, 1983) p 128.Google Scholar For similar responses, see Kermode, above n 112, p 80 and Ozick and Steiner in Martin and Piggford, above n 26.

161. Da Silva, above n 35.

162. Moffat, above n 9, p 316.

163. Martin, above n 115.

164. Moffat, above n 9, p 304. See alsoLane, C ‘Betrayal and its consolations in Maurice, “Arthur Snatchfold” and “What Does It Matter? A Morality”’ in Martin, and Piggford, , above n 26. At one point, mirroring his relationship with Buckingham, he considered revising Maurice with Alec Scudder getting married.Google Scholar Moffat, above n 9, p 232.

165. Forster, above n 21, p 176. See also Stephen's comment in the novel: ‘all one's thoughts can't belong to any single person … you can't own people. At least a fellow can't’. Ibid, p 271.

166. Lane, above n 164, at 189.

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